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왘 Depress the brake pedal.


The selector lever lock is released.


47


왘 Make sure the gear selector lever is set


to P.


왘 Depress the brake pedal during the


starting procedure. Do not depress ac- celerator. The selector lever lock is released.


왘 Press KEYLESS-GO start/stop button


once. The engine starts automatically if the SmartKey with KEYLESS-GO is in the vehicle.


KEYLESS-GO start/stop button 1 USA only 2 Canada only


Getting started Driving


Starting with KEYLESS-GO*


Warning!


As long as the SmartKey with KEYLESS-GO is in your vehicle, the vehicle can be started. Therefore, never leave children unattended in the vehicle, as they could otherwise acci- dentally start the engine.


When leaving the vehicle, always take the SmartKey with KEYLESS-GO with you and lock the vehicle. Do not leave children unat- tended in the vehicle, or with access to an unlocked vehicle.


You can start your vehicle without the SmartKey in the starter switch using the KEYLESS-GO start/stop button on the gear selector lever. For information on turning off the engine with KEYLESS-GO, see “Turning off with KEYLESS-GO*” (컄 page 59). The SmartKey with KEYLESS-GO must be located in the vehicle.


48


Starting difficulties If the engine does not start as described, carry out the following steps: 왘 If you are starting the engine with the


SmartKey, turn SmartKey in starter switch to position 0 and repeat starting procedure.


왘 If you are starting the engine with KEYLESS-GO: Close any doors that may be open to allow for better detec- tion of the SmartKey with KEYLESS-GO. Or: Start the engine with the SmartKey as radio signals from another source may be interfering with the SmartKey with KEYLESS-GO.


왘 Repeat the starting procedure


(컄 page 47). Remember that extended starting attempts can drain the battery.


왘 Get a jump start (컄 page 428).


If the engine does not start after several starting attempts, there could be a mal- function in the engine electronics or in the fuel supply system. 왘 Notify an authorized Mercedes-Benz


Center.


Parking brake


1 Parking brake pedal 2 Release handle


Getting started Driving


Warning!


When leaving the vehicle, always remove the SmartKey or the SmartKey with KEYLESS-GO* from the starter switch, take it with you, and lock the vehicle. Do not leave children unattended in the vehicle, or with access to an unlocked vehicle. Children could release the parking brake, which could result in an accident and/or serious injury.


왘 Release the parking brake by pulling on


release handle 2. The warning lamp ; (USA only) or 3 (Canada only) in the instrument cluster goes out.


49


Getting started Driving


Driving 왘 Depress the brake pedal. 왘 Move selector lever to position D or R.


Wait for the gear selection process to complete before setting the vehicle in motion.


왘 Release the brake pedal. 왘 Carefully depress the accelerator


pedal.


Once the vehicle is in motion, the automat- ic central locking system engages and the locking knobs drop down.


You can open a locked door from the inside. Open door only when conditions are safe to do so.


50


If you hear a warning signal and a mes- sage appears in the multifunction dis- play when driving off, you have forgotten to release the parking brake. Release the parking brake.


After a cold start the automatic transmis- sion engages at a higher revolution. This al- lows the catalytic converter to reach its operating temperature earlier.


Warning!


It is dangerous to shift the gear selector le- ver out of P or N if the engine speed is high- er than idle speed. If your foot is not firmly on the brake pedal, the vehicle could accel- erate quickly forward or in reverse. You could lose control of the vehicle and hit someone or something. Only shift into gear when the engine is idling normally and when your right foot is firmly on the brake pedal.


Warning!


For more information on driving, see “Driv- ing instructions” (컄 page 285).


On slippery road surfaces, never downshift in order to obtain braking action. This could result in drive wheel slip and reduced vehi- cle control. Your vehicle’s ABS will not pre- vent this type of loss of control.


Simultaneously depressing the acceler- ator pedal and applying the brake re- duces engine performance and causes premature brake and drivetrain wear.


Switching on headlamps


Low beam headlamps The exterior lamp switch is located on the dashboard to the left of the steering wheel.


High beam The combination switch is located on the left of the steering column.


Turn signals


The combination switch is located on the left of the steering column.


Getting started Driving


Exterior lamp switch 1 Off 2 Low beam headlamps on 왘 Turn exterior lamp switch to


position B.


The low beam headlamp indicator lamp B in the instrument cluster comes on (컄 page 141).


Combination switch 1 High beam 2 High beam flasher 왘 Turn combination switch in direction of


arrow 1. The high beam headlamp indicator lamp A in the instrument cluster comes on (컄 page 24).


For more information on headlamps, see “Lighting” (컄 page 141).


Combination switch 1 Turn signal, right 2 Turn signal, left 왘 Press combination switch in direction


of arrow 1 or 2. The corresponding turn signal indicator lamp L or K in the instrument cluster flashes.


51


Windshield wipers


The combination switch is located on the left of the steering column.


Combination switch 1 Single wipe 2 Switching on windshield wipers 왘 Switch on the ignition (컄 page 34).


Switching on windshield wipers 왘 Turn the combination switch to the de- sired position depending on the inten- sity of the rain. 0 Windshield wipers off Intermittent wiping II Normal wiper speed III Fast wiper speed


Intermittent wiping interval is depen- dent on wetness of windshield. After the initial wipe, pauses between wipes are automatically controlled by the rain sensor.


Getting started Driving


The combination switch resets automati- cally after major steering wheel move- ments.


To signal minor directional changes such as changing lanes, press combi- nation switch only to point of resis- tance and release. The corresponding turn signals will flash three times.


52


! Do not leave windshield wipers in inter- mittent setting when the vehicle is tak- en to an automatic car wash or during windshield cleaning. Wipers will oper- ate in the presence of water sprayed on the windshield, and wipers may be damaged as a result. The combination switch should not be left in intermittent setting as the wipers will wipe the windshield once every time the engine is started. Dust that ac- cumulates on the windshield might scratch the glass and/or damage the wiper blades when wiping occurs on a dry windshield.


Intermittent wiping 왘 Turn the combination switch to


position I.


Intermittent wiping is interrupted when the vehicle is at a standstill and a front door is opened.


Single wipe 왘 Press switch briefly in the direction of


arrow 1. The windshield wipers wipe one time without washer fluid.


Wiping with windshield washer fluid 왘 Push switch in the direction of


arrow 1 past the resistance point. The windshield wipers operate with washer fluid.


For information on filling up the washer reservoir, see “Windshield washer system and headlamp cleaning system*” (컄 page 306).


Getting started Driving


If anything blocks the windshield wip- ers (leaves, snow, etc.), switch them off immediately. 앫 For safety reasons,


앫 turn off the engine by turning


the SmartKey to position 0 and withdraw SmartKey from starter switch


or 앫 turn off the engine by pressing the KEYLESS-GO* start/stop button and open the driver’s door (with the driver’s door open, starter switch is in position 0, same as with SmartKey removed from starter switch)


before attempting to remove any blockage.


53


Getting started Driving


앫 Remove blockage. 앫 Turn the windshield wipers on


again.


If windshield wipers fail to function at all in switch position I, 앫 set the combination switch to the


next highest wiper speed


앫 have the windshield wipers


checked at the nearest authorized Mercedes-Benz Center


Rear window wiper/washer


The switch is located on the center con- sole.


Deactivating intermittent wipe 왘 Press upper section 1 of the switch


again. Indicator lamp 2 goes out.


Wiping with window washer fluid 왘 Press and hold lower half 3 of the


switch. The rear window is wiped for a further five seconds after the switch is re- leased.


1 Intermittent wipe 2 Indicator lamp 3 Rear window washer system


Activating intermittent wipe 왘 Switch on the ignition (컄 page 34) 왘 Press upper section 1 of the switch.


Indicator lamp 2 comes on.


54


Problems while driving


The engine runs erratically and misfires 앫 An ignition cable may be damaged. 앫 The engine electronics may not be


operating properly.


앫 Unburned gasoline may have entered the catalytic converter and damaged it.


왘 Give very little gas. 왘 Have the problem repaired by an


authorized Mercedes-Benz Center as soon as possible.


The coolant temperature is above 248°F (120°C) The coolant is too hot and is no longer cooling the engine. 왘 Stop the vehicle as soon as possible and turn off the engine. Allow engine and coolant to cool.


왘 Check the coolant level and add cool-


ant if necessary (컄 page 303).


Getting started Driving


In case of accident If the vehicle is leaking fuel: 왘 Do not start the engine under any cir-


cumstances.


왘 Notify local fire and/or police authori-


ties.


If the extent of the damage cannot be de- termined: 왘 Notify an authorized Mercedes-Benz


Center.


If no damage can be determined on the 앫 major assemblies 앫 fuel system 앫 engine mount: 왘 Start the engine in the usual manner.


55


Getting started Parking and locking


You have now completed your first drive. You have properly stopped and parked your vehicle. End your drive as follows.


Parking brake


Warning!


With the engine not running, there is no power assistance for the brake and steering systems. In this case, it is important to keep in mind that a considerably higher degree of effort is necessary to brake and steer the vehicle.


1 Parking brake pedal 2 Release handle 왘 Step firmly on parking brake pedal 1. When the engine is running, the warn- ing lamp ; (USA only) or 3 (Canada only) in the instrument cluster will be illuminated.


Warning!


When leaving the vehicle, always remove the SmartKey or the SmartKey with KEYLESS-GO* from the starter switch, take it with you, and lock the vehicle. Do not leave children unattended in the vehicle, or with access to an unlocked vehicle. Children could release the parking brake and/or move the gear selector lever from position P, either of which could result in an accident and/or serious injury.


56


Warning!


Switching off headlamps


Getting out of your vehicle with the gear se- lector lever not fully engaged in position P is dangerous. Also, when parked on an incline, position P alone may not prevent your vehi- cle from moving, possibly hitting people or objects.


Always set the parking brake in addition to shifting to position P.


When parked on an incline, turn front wheels towards the road curb.


왘 Turn the exterior lamp switch to M


(컄 page 51).


For more information, see the “Controls in detail” section (컄 page 141).


Turning off engine


왘 Place the gear selector lever in


position P.


Always set the parking brake in addi- tion to shifting to position P. On slopes, turn the front wheels to- wards the road curb.


Getting started Parking and locking


Turning off with the SmartKey 왘 Turn the SmartKey in the starter switch (컄 page 34) to position 0 and remove it. The immobilizer is activated.


The SmartKey can only be removed from the starter switch with the gear selector lever in position P.


왘 Press the seat belt release button


(컄 page 45). Allow the retractor to completely re- wind the seat belt by guiding the latch plate.


컄컄


57


왘 After exiting the vehicle press the lock


button ‹ on the SmartKey (컄 page 32). 앫 All turn signal lamps flash three


times.


앫 An acoustic signal sounds three


times (if equipped and feature acti- vated). For more information, see “Factory setting” (컄 page 104).


앫 The locking knobs in the doors


move down.


앫 The anti-theft alarm system is


armed.


Warning!


When leaving the vehicle, always remove the SmartKey from the starter switch, take it with you, and lock the vehicle. Do not leave children unattended in the vehicle, or with access to an unlocked vehicle. Unsuper- vised use of vehicle may cause an accident and/or serious personal injury.


For more information, see the “Controls in detail” section (컄 page 102).


Getting started Parking and locking


컄컄


With the SmartKey removed and the driver’s door open, a warning sounds and the message Switch off lights appears in the multifunction display if the vehicle’s exterior lamps are not switched off.


Warning!


To prevent possible personal injury, always keep hands and fingers away from the door openings when closing the doors. Be espe- cially careful when small children are around.


Before closing doors, make sure that there is no possibility of someone getting caught in a door during closing.


58


Getting started Parking and locking


If you hear a warning signal, you have either 앫 forgotten to switch off the vehicle’s exterior lamps before opening the driver’s door, or


앫 tried to turn off the engine while the


gear selector lever is not in P.


Turn off the lights or place the gear se- lector lever in P.


Warning!


To prevent possible personal injury, always keep hands and fingers away from the door openings when closing the doors. Be espe- cially careful when small children are around.


Before closing doors, make sure that there is no possibility of someone getting caught in a door during closing.


컄컄


Turning off with KEYLESS-GO* 왘 Place the gear selector lever in P. 왘 Press the KEYLESS-GO start/stop but-


ton to shut off the engine. With the driver's door closed, the start- er switch is now in position 1. With the driver’s door opened, the starter switch is set to position 0, same as SmartKey removed from starter switch (컄 page 34).


왘 Press the seat belt release button


(컄 page 45). Allow the retractor to completely re- wind the seat belt by guiding the latch plate.


59


왘 After exiting the vehicle, press lock


button 1 on the door handle or on the tailgate. 앫 All turn signal lamps flash three


times.


앫 An acoustic signal sounds three


times (if equipped and feature acti- vated). For more information, see “Factory setting” (컄 page 110).


앫 The locking knobs in the doors


move down.


앫 The anti-theft alarm system is


armed.


Warning!


When leaving the vehicle, always take the SmartKey with KEYLESS-GO* with you, and lock the vehicle. Do not leave children unat- tended in the vehicle, or with access to an unlocked vehicle. Unsupervised use of vehi- cle equipment may cause an accident and/or serious personal injury.


For more information, see the “Controls in detail” section (컄 page 107).


Getting started Parking and locking


컄컄


1 Lock button on the door handle


60


Safety and Security Occupant safety


Panic alarm


Driving safety systems


Anti-theft systems


61


Safety and Security Occupant safety


In this section you will learn the most important facts about the restraint system components of the vehicle. 앫 Seat belts (컄 page 69) 앫 Child restraints (컄 page 73) 앫 Lower anchors and tethers for children


(LATCH) (컄 page 83)


Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) with 앫 Air bags (컄 page 63) 앫 Air bag control unit (with crash


sensors)


앫 Emergency tensioning device (ETD) for


seat belts (컄 page 72)


Air bag system components with 앫 75 indicator lamp


(컄 page 80)


앫 Front passenger seat with Occupant


Classification System (OCS) (컄 page 76)


As independent systems, their protective functions work in conjunction with each other.


For information on infants and children traveling with you in the vehicle and restraint systems for infants and chil- dren, see “Children in the vehicle” (컄 page 73).


The SRS system conducts a self-test when the ignition is switched on and in regular intervals while the engine is running. This facilitates early detection of malfunctions. The 1 indicator lamp in the instrument cluster lights up when the ignition is switched on and goes out no later than a few seconds after the engine has been started. The SRS components are in operational readiness if the 1 indicator lamp is not lit when the engine is running. A malfunction in the system has been detected if the 1 indicator lamp: 앫 fails to go out after approximately four seconds after the engine was started


앫 does not come on at all 앫 comes on after the engine was started


or while driving


62


If it is necessary to modify an air bag system to accommodate a person with disabilities, contact a local authorized Mercedes-Benz Center or call our Customer Assistance Cen- ter at 1-800-FOR-MERCedes (1-800-367-6372) for details.


Warning!


In the event that the 1 indicator lamp comes on during driving or does not come on at all, the SRS self-check has detected a malfunction. For your safety, we strongly recommend that you visit an authorized Mercedes-Benz Center immediately to have the system checked; otherwise the SRS may not be activated when needed in an acci- dent, which could result in serious or fatal injury, or it might deploy unexpectedly and unnecessarily which could also result in injury.


In addition, improper repair work on the SRS creates a risk of rendering the SRS inopera- tive or causing unintended air bag deploy- ment. Work on the SRS must therefore only be performed by qualified technicians. Con- tact an authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.


Safety and Security Occupant safety


Air bags


Warning!


Air bags are designed to reduce the poten- tial of injury and fatality in certain frontal im- pacts (front air bags), side impacts (side impact air bags and head protection window curtain air bags) or rollovers (head protec- tion window curtain air bags). However, no system available today can totally eliminate injuries and fatalities.


The deployment of the air bags temporarily releases a small amount of dust from the air bags. This dust, however, is neither injurious to your health, nor does it indicate a fire in the vehicle. The dust might cause some tem- porary breathing difficulty for people with asthma or other breathing trouble. To avoid this, you may wish to get out of the vehicle as soon as it is safe to do so. If you have any breathing difficulty but cannot get out of the vehicle after the air bag inflates, then get fresh air by opening a window or door.


63


Safety and Security Occupant safety


Warning!


To reduce the risk of injury when the front air bags inflate, it is very important for the driver and front passenger to always be in a properly seated position and to wear their respective seat belts.


For maximum protection in the event of a collision always be in normal seated position with your back against the backrest. Fasten your seat belt and make sure that it is prop- erly positioned on your body.


Since the air bag inflates with considerable speed and force, a proper seating and hands on steering wheel position will help to keep you at a safe distance from the air bag. Occupants who are unbelted, out of position or too close to the air bag can be seriously injured by an air bag as it inflates with great force in the blink of an eye: 앫 Sit properly belted in a nearly upright


position with your back against the seat backrest.


64


앫 Adjust the driver seat as far as possible rearward, still permitting proper opera- tion of vehicle controls. The distance from the center of the driver’s breast- bone to the center of the air bag cover on the steering wheel must be at least 10 in (25 cm) or more. You should be able to accomplish this by a combina- tion of adjustments to the seat and steering wheel. If you have any prob- lems, please see your authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.


앫 Do not lean your head or chest close to


the steering wheel or dashboard.


앫 Keep hands on the outside of steering


wheel rim. Placing hands and arms inside the rim can increase the risk and potential severity of hand/arm injury when driver front air bag inflates.


앫 Adjust the front passenger seat as far as possible rearward from the dashboard when the seat is occupied.


앫 Occupants, especially children, should never place their bodies or lean their heads in the area of the door where the side impact air bag inflates. This could result in serious injuries or death should the air bag be triggered. Always sit near- ly upright, properly use the seat belts and use an appropriately sized infant or toddler restraint or booster seat recom- mended for the size and weight of the child.


Failure to follow these instructions can result in severe injuries to you or other occu- pants.


If you sell your vehicle, it is important that you make the buyer aware of this safety in- formation. Be sure to give the buyer this Operator’s Manual.


Warning!


Accident research shows that the safest place for children in an automobile is in the rear seat.


It should be noted that with respect to both front and rear side impact air bags there is a possibility for a side impact air bag related injury if occupants, especially children, are not properly seated or restrained when next to a side impact air bag which needs to de- ploy rapidly in a side impact in order to do its job.


To help avoid the possibility of injury, please follow these guidelines:


(1) Occupants, especially children, should


never place their bodies or lean their heads in the area of the door where the side impact air bag inflates. This could result in serious injuries or death should the side impact air bag be deployed.


(2) Always sit nearly upright, properly use the seat belts and for children 12 years old and under, use an appropriately sized infant or toddler restraint or boost- er seat recommended for the size and weight of the child.


(3) Always wear seat belts properly.


If you believe that, even with the use of these guidelines, it would be safer for your rear seat occupants to have the rear mount- ed side impact air bags deactivated, then deactivation can be accomplished upon your written request to do so at your autho- rized Mercedes-Benz Center at an additional cost.


Please contact your local authorized Mercedes-Benz Center or call our Customer Assistance Center at 1-800-FOR-MERCedes (1-800-367-6372) for details.


Safety and Security Occupant safety


Air bags are designed to deploy only in certain frontal impacts (front air bags), side impacts (side impact and head protection window curtain air bags) which exceed preset thresholds and in certain rollovers (head protection win- dow curtain air bags). Only during these events will they provide their supplemental protection. The driver and passengers should al- ways wear their seat belts. Otherwise it is not possible for air bags to provide their supplemental protection.


65


Safety and Security Occupant safety


In case of other types of impacts and impacts below air bag deployment thresholds, air bags will not be de- ployed. The driver and passenger will then be protected to the extent possi- ble by a properly fastened seat belt. A properly fastened seat belt is also needed to provide the best possible protection in a rollover. We caution you not to rely on the pres- ence of the air bags in order to avoid wearing your seat belt. It is important to your safety and that of your passengers that you replace de- ployed air bags and repair any malfunc- tioning air bags to make sure that the vehicle will continue to provide supple- mental crash protection for occupants.


66


Safety guidelines for the seat belt, emergency tensioning device and air bag


Warning!


앫 Damaged seat belts or belts that were highly stressed in an accident must be replaced and their anchoring points must also be checked. Use only belts installed or supplied by an authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.


앫 Air bags and emergency tensioning de- vices (ETDs) are designed to function on a one-time-only basis. An air bag or ETD that was activated must be replaced. 앫 Do not pass belts over sharp edges.


They could tear.


앫 Do not make any modification that could


change the effectiveness of the belts. 앫 Do not bleach or dye seat belts as this may severely weaken them. In a crash they may not be able to provide ade- quate protection.


앫 No modifications of any kind may be made to any components or wiring of the SRS. This includes changing or re- moving any component or part of the SRS, the installation of additional trim material, badges etc. over the steering wheel hub, passenger front air bag cov- er, door trim panels, or door frame trims, and installation of additional elec- trical/electronic equipment on or near SRS components and wiring. Keep area between air bags and occupants free from objects (e.g. packages, purses, umbrellas, etc.).


앫 Do not hang items such as coat hangers from the coat hooks or handles over the door. These items may turn into projec- tiles and cause head and other injuries when curtain air bag is deployed.


앫 Never place your feet on the instrument panel, dashboard, or on the seat. Always keep both feet on the floor in front of the seat.


앫 Air bag system components will be hot


after an air bag has inflated. Do not touch.


앫 In addition, improper repair work on the SRS creates a risk of rendering the SRS inoperative or causing unintended air bag deployment. Work on the SRS must therefore only be performed by qualified technicians. Contact an authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.


앫 For your protection and the protection of others, when scrapping the air bag unit or emergency tensioning device, our safety instructions must be fol- lowed. These instructions are available from your authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.


앫 Given the considerable deployment


speed, required inflation volume, and the textile structure of the air bags, there is the possibility of abrasions or other more significant injuries resulting from air bag deployment.


Safety and Security Occupant safety


Warning!


Front air bags


Only use seat covers which have been test- ed and approved by Mercedes-Benz for your vehicle model. Using other seat covers may interfere with or prevent the deployment of the front side impact air bags. Contact your authorized Mercedes-Benz Center for avail- ability.


When you sell your vehicle we strongly urge you to give notice to the subsequent owner that it is equipped with an SRS by alerting them to the applicable section in the Operator’s Manual.


1 Driver’s air bag 2 Passenger air bag Driver and front passenger air bags are de- ployed: 앫 in the event of certain frontal impacts 앫 if impact exceeds a preset deployment


threshold


앫 independently of the side impact air


bags


67


Safety and Security Occupant safety


The front air bags in this vehicle have been designed to inflate in two stages. This allows the air bag to have different rates of inflation that are based on the rate of relevant vehicle deceleration as assessed by the air bag control unit. On the front passenger side, the front air bag deployment is additionally influ- enced by the passenger’s weight cate- gory as identified by the Occupant Classification System (OCS) (컄 page 76). The lighter the front passenger side oc- cupant, the higher the vehicle deceler- ation rate required for the second stage inflation of the air bag.


The air bags will not deploy in impacts which do not exceed the system’s deploy- ment thresholds. You will then be protect- ed by the fastened seat belts. The passenger front air bag will only be deployed if: 앫 the system, based on OCS weight sen- sor readings, senses that the front pas- senger seat is occupied


앫 the 75 indicator lamp in the


center console is not lit (컄 page 80) 앫 the impact exceeds a preset deploy-


ment threshold


Side impact air bags, window curtain air bags


1 Side impact air bags 2 Window curtain air bag The side impact air bags and window curtain air bags are deployed: 앫 on the impacted side of the vehicle 앫 in impacts exceeding a preset deploy-


ment threshold


앫 independently of the front air bags


68


In addition, the window curtain air bags 2 are deployed: 앫 in certain vehicle rollovers The side impact air bags and window cur- tain air bags are not deployed in impacts which do not exceed the system’s deploy- ment threshold.


Seat belts


When the engine is started the seat belt telltale < illuminates for approximately six seconds. A warning chime sounds to remind you to fasten your seat belt. If after these six seconds, the driver’s or the front passenger’s seat belt (with the front passenger seat occupied) are not fas- tened with all doors closed,


앫 and the vehicle speed does not exceed


15 mph (25 km/h), the seat belt tell- tale < remains illuminated for as long as either the driver’s or front pas- senger’s seat belt are not fastened.


앫 and the vehicle speed exceeds 15 mph (25 km/h), the seat belt telltale < starts flashing and a warning chime sounds with increasing intensity until both the driver’s and front passenger’s seat belt are fastened, or for a maxi- mum of 60 seconds from the time the vehicle speed exceeded 15 mph (25 km/h) if either the driver’s or front passenger’s seat belt remains unfas- tened. If the driver’s or front passenger’s seat belt remains unfastened after 60 seconds, the seat belt telltale < stops flashing and the warning chime stops sounding. The seat belt telltale < then continues to be illu- minated for as long as either the driv- er’s or front passenger’s seat belt are not fastened.


Safety and Security Occupant safety


The seat belt telltale < will only go out if both the driver’s and front passenger’s seat belt (with the front passenger seat oc- cupied) are fastened, or the vehicle is standing still and a front door is opened. For more information, see “Practical hints” (컄 page 357). The use of seat belts and infant and child restraint systems is required by law in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, the U.S. territories and all Canadian provinces. Even where this is not the case, all vehicle occupants should have their seat belts fas- tened whenever the vehicle is in motion. For more information, see “Fastening the seat belts” (컄 page 44).


69


Safety and Security Occupant safety


For information on infants and children traveling with you in the vehicle and restraint systems for infants and chil- dren, see “Children in the vehicle” (컄 page 73).


70


Warning!


Warning!


Always fasten your seat belt before driving off. Always make sure all of your passengers are properly restrained, even those sitting in the rear and pregnant women.


Failure to wear and properly fasten and po- sition your seat belt greatly increases your risk of injuries and their likely severity in an accident. You and your passengers should always wear seat belts.


If you are ever in an accident, your injuries can be considerably more severe without your seat belt properly buckled. Without your seat belt buckled, you are much more likely to hit the interior of the vehicle or be ejected from it. You can be seriously injured or killed.


In the same crash, the possibility of injury or death is lessened if you are properly wearing your seat belt. Air bags can only protect as they are designed if the occupants are prop- erly wearing their seat belts.


Never ride in a moving vehicle with the seat backrest in an excessively reclined position as this can be dangerous. You could slide under the seat belt in a collision. If you slide under it, the belt would apply force at the ab- domen or neck. That could cause serious or even fatal injuries. The seat backrest and seat belt provide the best restraint when the wearer is in a nearly upright position and the belt is properly positioned on the body.


Warning!


Never let more people ride in the vehicle than there are seat belts available. Be sure everyone riding in the vehicle is correctly restrained with a separate seat belt. Never use a seat belt for more than one person at a time.


Warning!


Warning!


Damaged seat belts or belts that were highly stressed in an accident must be replaced and their anchoring points must also be checked.


Only use seat belts which have been ap- proved by Mercedes-Benz.


Do not make any modifications to the seat belts. This can lead to unintended activation or to failure.


Do not bleach or dye seat belts as this may severely weaken them. In a crash they may not be able to provide adequate protection.


Have all work carried out only by qualified technicians. Contact an authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.


USE SEAT BELTS PROPERLY 앫 Seat belts can only work when used


properly. Never wear seat belts in any other way than as described in this sec- tion, as that could result in serious inju- ries in case of an accident.


앫 Each occupant should wear their seat


belt at all times, because seat belts help reduce the likelihood of and potential severity of injuries in accidents, includ- ing rollovers. The integrated restraint system includes SRS (driver air bag, pas- senger front air bag, side impact air bags, head protection window curtain air bags for side windows), ETD (seat belt emergency tensioning device), and front seat knee bolsters.


Safety and Security Occupant safety


The system is designed to enhance the protection offered to properly belted oc- cupants in certain frontal (front air bags and ETD) and side (side impact and win- dow curtain air bags and ETD) impacts which exceed preset deployment thresholds and in certain rollovers (win- dow curtain air bags and ETD).


앫 Never wear the shoulder belt under your arm, against your neck or off your shoul- der. In a frontal crash, your body would move too far forward. That would in- crease the chance of head and neck in- juries. The belt would also apply too much force to the ribs or abdomen, which could severely injure internal or- gans such as your liver or spleen.


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Safety and Security Occupant safety


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앫 Never wear belts over rigid or breakable objects in or on your clothing, such as eyeglasses, pens, SmartKeys etc., as these might cause injuries.


앫 Position the lap belt as low as possible on your hips and not across the abdo- men. If the belt is positioned across your abdomen, it could cause serious injuries in a crash.


앫 Never use a seat belt for more than one person at a time. Do not fasten a seat belt around a person and another per- son or other objects.


앫 Belts should not be worn twisted. In a crash, you wouldn’t have the full width of the belt to distribute impact forces. The twisted belt against your body could cause injuries.


72


앫 Pregnant women should also use a


lap-shoulder belt. The lap belt portion should be positioned as low as possible on the hips to avoid any possible pres- sure on the abdomen.


앫 Never place your feet on the instrument panel, dashboard, or on the seat. Always keep both feet on the floor in front of the seat.


앫 When using a seat belt to secure infant or toddler restraints or children in boost- er seats, always follow the child seat manufacturer's instructions.


Emergency tensioning device (ETD), seat belt force limiter The seat belts for the front and rear outer seats are equipped with emergency ten- sioning devices and belt force limiters. The ETD is designed to activate in the fol- lowing cases: 앫 in frontal or rear-end impacts exceed-


ing a preset severity level 앫 in certain vehicle rollovers 앫 if the restraint systems are operational


and functioning correctly, see 1 indicator lamp


The ETDs for the front seats will only activate if the front seat belts are fas- tened (latch plate properly inserted into buckle). The ETDs for the rear outer seats will activate with or without the respective seat belts fastened.


In an impact, emergency tensioning devic- es remove slack from the belts. Belt force limiters reduce the force exerted by the seat belts on occupants during a crash.


Warning!


An emergency tensioning device (ETD) that was activated must be replaced.


When disposing of the emergency tension- ing device, our safety instructions must be followed. These are available at your autho- rized Mercedes-Benz Center.


Automatic comfort-fit feature seat belt An automatic comfort-fit feature for front seats reduces the retracting force of the seat belts when they are in normal use.


Children in the vehicle


If an infant or child is traveling with you in the vehicle: 앫 Secure the child using an infant or child


restraint appropriate to the age and size of the child.


앫 Make sure that the infant or child is


properly secured at all times while the vehicle is in motion.


Infant and child restraint seats and information on choosing an appropriate restraint system can be obtained from any Mercedes-Benz Center.


Safety and Security Occupant safety


Infant and child restraint systems We recommend all infants and children be properly restrained at all times while the vehicle is in motion. All lap-shoulder belts except the driver’s seat belt have special seat belt retractors for secure fastening of child restraints. To fasten a child restraint, follow child restraint instructions for mounting. Then pull the shoulder belt out completely and let it retract. During seat belt retraction, a ratcheting sound can be heard to indicate that the special seat belt retractor is acti- vated. The belt is now locked. Push down on child restraint to take up any slack. To deactivate, release seat belt buckle and let seat belt retract completely. The seat belt can again be used in the usual man- ner.


73


Safety and Security Occupant safety


Information on child seats with mount- ing fittings for tether anchorages (컄 page 82). For information on LATCH-type child seat mounts (컄 page 83).


The use of infant or child restraints is required by law in all 50 states, the Dis- trict of Columbia, the U.S. territories and all Canadian provinces. Infants and small children should be seated in an appropriate infant or child restraint system properly secured by a lap/shoulder belt or, if so equipped, a top tether anchorage point and a child restraint lower anchorage system that complies with U.S. Federal Motor Vehi- cle Safety Standards 213 and 225 and Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Stan- dards 213 and 210.2.


74


Warning!


Warning!


Never release the seat belt buckle while the vehicle is in motion, since the special seat belt retractor will be deactivated.


A statement by the child restraint manufacturer of compliance with this standard can be found on the instruc- tion label on the restraint and in the instruction manual provided with the restraint. When using any infant or child restraint system, be sure to carefully read and follow all manufacturer’s instructions for installation and use. Please read and observe warning labels affixed to the inside of the vehicle and to infant or child restraints.


According to accident statistics, children are safer when properly restrained in the rear seating positions than in the front seat- ing position. Thus, we strongly recommend that children be placed in the rear seats whenever possible. Regardless of seating position, children 12 years old and under must be seated and properly secured in an appropriate infant or child restraint recom- mended for the size and weight of the child.


The infant or child restraint must be properly secured with the vehicle's seat belt, the seat belt and top tether strap, or lower anchors and top tether strap, fully in accordance with the child seat manufacturer's instruc- tions.


앫 If you must install a rear-facing child re- straint on the front passenger seat be- cause circumstances require you to do so, make sure that the 75 indicator lamp is illuminat- ed, indicating that the front passenger air bag is deactivated. Should the light not illuminate or go out while the re- straint is installed, please check installa- tion. Periodically check the indicator lamp while driving to make sure the lamp is illuminated. If the 75 indicator lamp goes out or remains out, do not transport a child on the front passenger seat until the sys- tem has been repaired. A child in a rear-facing child restraint on the front passenger seat will be seriously injured or even killed if the front passenger front air bag inflates.


Children can be killed or seriously injured by an inflating air bag. Note the following im- portant information when circumstances re- quire you to place a child in the front passenger seat: 앫 Your vehicle is equipped with air bag


technology designed to turn off the front passenger front air bag in your vehicle when the OCS senses the weight of a typical 12-month-old child or less along with the weight of a standard appropri- ate child restraint on the front passen- ger seat.


앫 A child in a rear-facing child restraint on the front passenger seat will be serious- ly injured or even killed if the front pas- senger front air bag inflates in a collision which could occur under some circum- stances, even with the air bag technolo- gy installed in your vehicle. The only means to completely eliminate this risk is to never place a child in a rear-facing child restraint in the front seat. We therefore strongly recommend that you always place a child in a rear-facing child restraint in the back seat.


Safety and Security Occupant safety


앫 If you have to place a child in a


forward-facing child restraint on the front passenger seat, move the seat as far back as possible, use the proper child restraint recommended for the age, size and weight of the child, and se- cure child restraint with the vehicle's seat belt according to the child seat manufacturer's instructions. For children larger than the typical 12-month-old child, the front passenger air bag may or may not be activated (컄 page 78).


75


Safety and Security Occupant safety


Warning!


Infants and small children should never share a seat belt with another occupant. During an accident, they could be crushed between the occupant and seat belt.


A child’s risk of serious or fatal injuries is significantly increased if the child restraints are not properly secured in the vehicle and the child is not properly secured in the child restraint.


Children too big for a toddler restraint must ride in seats using regular seat belts. Posi- tion shoulder belt across chest and shoul- der, not face or neck. A booster seat may be necessary to achieve proper belt positioning for children from 41 lbs until they reach a height where a lap/shoulder belt fits proper- ly without a booster.


76


When the child restraint is not in use, re- move it from the vehicle or secure it with the seat belt to prevent the child restraint from becoming a projectile in the event of an ac- cident.


Do not leave children unattended in the ve- hicle, even if the children are secured in a child restraint system. Unsupervised chil- dren in a child restraint system may use ve- hicle equipment and may cause an accident and/or serious personal injury.


Occupant Classification System The Occupant Classification System (OCS) automatically turns the front passenger front air bag on or off based on the classi- fied occupant weight category determined by weight sensor readings from the front passenger seat.


The system does not deactivate the front passenger side impact air bag, the window curtain air bag and the emergency tensioning device.


Occupants must sit properly belted in a nearly upright position with their back against the seat backrest and feet on the floor to be correctly classified. If the occu- pant's weight is transferred to another object in the vehicle (e.g. by leaning on armrests), the OCS may not be able to properly approximate the occupant’s weight category.


Furthermore, the occupant weight may ap- pear to increase or decrease due to objects hanging on the seat, other passen- gers pushing on the seat, objects lodged underneath the seat or stuffed between seat and middle console or between seat and door or due to objects applying pres- sure on the back of the seat. Always make sure that the seat has clearance in all di- rections at all times.


If your seat, including your trim cover and cushion needs to be serviced in any way, take the vehicle to your autho- rized Mercedes-Benz Center. Only seat accessories approved by Mercedes-Benz may be used.


Both driver and the front passenger should always use the 75 indicator lamp as an indication of whether or not the front passenger is properly positioned.


Warning!


If the 75 indicator lamp illumi- nates when an adult or someone larger than a small individual is in the front passenger seat, have the front passenger re-position himself or herself in the seat until the light goes out, or check whether objects are caught under or around the seat.


More information about air bag display mes- sages (컄 page 369). In the event of a collision, the air bag control unit will not allow front passenger front air bag deployment when the OCS classified the front passenger seat occupant as being up to or less than the weight of a typical 12-month-old child in a standard child re- straint or if the front passenger seat is sensed as being empty.


Safety and Security Occupant safety


When the OCS senses that the front passen- ger seat occupant is classified as being up to or less than the weight of a typical 12-month-old child in a standard child re- straint, the 75 indicator lamp will illuminate when the engine is started and re- main illuminated, indicating that the front passenger front air bag is deactivated.


When the OCS senses that the front passen- ger seat is classified as being empty, the 75 indicator lamp will illuminate when the engine is started and remain illu- minated, indicating that the front passenger front air bag is deactivated.


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Safety and Security Occupant safety


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When the OCS senses that the front passen- ger seat occupant is classified as being heavier than the weight of a typical 12-month-old child seated in a standard child restraint or as being a small individual (such as a young teenager or a small adult), the 75 indicator lamp will illumi- nate for approximately six seconds when the engine is started and then, depending on occupant weight sensor readings from the seat, remain illuminated or go out. With the 75 indicator lamp illuminated, the front passenger front air bag is deactivated. With the 75 indicator lamp out, the front passenger front air bag is activat- ed.


When the OCS senses that the front passen- ger seat occupant is classified as an adult or someone larger than a small individual, the 75 indicator lamp will illuminate for approximately six seconds when the en- gine is started and then go out, indicating that the front passenger front air bag is acti- vated.


78


If the 75 indicator lamp is illumi- nated, the front passenger front air bag is deactivated and will not be deployed. If the 75 indicator lamp is not illuminated, the front passenger front air bag is activated and will be deployed: 앫 in the event of certain frontal impacts 앫 if impact exceeds a preset deployment


threshold


앫 independently of the side impact air


bags.


If the front passenger air bag is deployed, the rate of inflation will be influenced by: 앫 the rate of relevant vehicle deceleration as assessed by the air bag control unit 앫 front passenger's weight category as


identified by the Occupant Classification System (OCS).


Warning!


According to accident statistics, children are safer when properly restrained in the rear seating positions than in the front seat- ing position. Thus, we strongly recommend that children be placed in the rear seats whenever possible. Regardless of seating position, children 12 years old and under must be seated and properly secured in an appropriate infant or child restraint recom- mended for the size and weight of the child.


The infant or child restraint must be properly secured with the vehicle's seat belt, the seat belt and top tether strap, or lower anchors and top tether strap, fully in accordance with the child seat manufacturer's instruc- tions.


앫 If you must install a rear-facing child re- straint on the front passenger seat be- cause circumstances require you to do so, make sure that the 75 indicator lamp is illuminat- ed, indicating that the front passenger air bag is deactivated. Should the light not illuminate or go out while the re- straint is installed, please check installa- tion. Periodically check the indicator lamp while driving to make sure the lamp is illuminated. If the 75 indicator lamp goes out or remains out, do not transport a child on the front passenger seat until the sys- tem has been repaired. A child in a rear-facing child restraint on the front passenger seat will be seriously injured or even killed if the front passenger front air bag inflates.


Children can be killed or seriously injured by an inflating air bag. Note the following im- portant information when circumstances re- quire you to place a child in the front passenger seat: 앫 Your vehicle is equipped with air bag


technology designed to turn off the front passenger front air bag in your vehicle when the system senses the weight of a typical 12-month-old child or less along with the weight of a standard appropri- ate child restraint on the front passen- ger seat.


앫 A child in a rear-facing child restraint on the front passenger seat will be serious- ly injured or even killed if the front pas- senger front air bag inflates in a collision which could occur under some circum- stances, even with the air bag technolo- gy installed in your vehicle. The only means to completely eliminate this risk is to never place a child in a rear-facing child restraint in the front seat. We therefore strongly recommend that you always place a child in a rear-facing child restraint in the back seat.


Safety and Security Occupant safety


앫 If you have to place a child in a


forward-facing child restraint on the front passenger seat, move the seat as far back as possible, use the proper child restraint recommended for the age, size and weight of the child, and se- cure child restraint with the vehicle's seat belt according to the child seat manufacturer's instructions. For children larger than the typical 12-month-old child, the front passenger air bag may or may not be activated (컄 page 78).


79


Safety and Security Occupant safety


Deployment of the driver front air bag does not mean that the front passenger front air bag also should have de- ployed. The Occupant Classification System (컄 page 76) may have determined: 앫 that the seat was empty or occu-


pied by the weight up to or less than that of a typical 12-month-old child seated in a standard child restraint - both instances where the system suppresses deployment of the pas- senger front air bag even though the impact met the criteria and was of sufficient severity to deploy the driver front air bag.


앫 that the seat was occupied by a small individual (such as a young teenager or a small adult) or a child weighing more than the weight of a typical 12-month-old child in a stan- dard child restraint - instances where the system may suppress de- ployment of the passenger front air bag even though the impact met the criteria and was of sufficient se- verity to deploy the driver front air bag.


The 75 indicator lamp is located in the center console.


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1 Indicator lamp


The 75 indicator lamp 1 will be illuminated, except with the SmartKey removed or in starter switch position 0.


Warning!


If the 1 indicator lamp and the 75 indicator lamp are lit at the same time, there is a malfunction in the Occupant Classification System. The front passenger front air bag will be deactivated in this case.


In order to ensure proper operation of the airbag system and OCS: 앫 Have the system checked as soon as


possible by qualified technicians. Contact an authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.


앫 Do not place more than 4.4 lbs (2 kg)


into the ruffled storage bag on the back of the front passenger seat. Otherwise, the OCS may not be able to properly ap- proximate the occupant weight category.


Self-test Occupant Classification Sys- tem After turning the SmartKey in the starter switch to position 1 or 2 or pressing the KEYLESS-GO* start/stop button once or twice, the 75 indicator lamp 1 located in the center console illuminates. If an adult occupant is properly sitting on the front passenger seat and the system sens- es the occupant as being an adult, the 75 indicator lamp will illuminate and go out after approximately six sec- onds. If the seat is not occupied and the system senses the front passenger seat as being empty, the 75 indicator lamp will illuminate and not go out.


앫 Do not place objects under and/or


around the front passenger seat.


앫 Do not hang anything from or attach any


items to the seats.


앫 Do not stuff objects such as books be- tween the middle console and the front passenger seat.


앫 Do not move the front passenger seat


backwards against stiff objects.


앫 Sit properly belted in a nearly upright


position with your back against the seat backrest.


앫 Do not lean on the armrests or lift your- self from the seat by using the handle over the door as this may cause the OCS to be unable to correctly approximate the occupant weight category.


앫 Only have the seat repaired or replaced


by an authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.


앫 Read and observe all warnings in this


chapter.


Safety and Security Occupant safety


Warning!


If the indicator lamp should not illuminate, the system is not functioning. You must see an authorized Mercedes-Benz Center before seating any child on the front passenger seat.


For more information, see the “Practical hints” section (컄 page 369).


Warning!


Never place anything between seat cushion and child seat (e.g. pillow), since it reduces the effectiveness of the Occupant Classifi- cation System. The bottom of the child seat must make full contact with the passenger seat cushion. An incorrectly mounted child seat could cause injuries to the child in case of an accident, instead of increasing protec- tion for the child.


Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for installation of child seats.


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Safety and Security Occupant safety


Installation of infant and child restraint systems Prior to installing a tether strap, note the following steps: 왘 Roll up retractable luggage cover and


partition net.


왘 Remove storage box (if so equipped)


(컄 page 256).


If the storage box is not removed: 앫 the top tether anchorage ring located on the floor (컄 page 83) for use with a child restraint in the rear center seat position cannot be accessed.


앫 the hook of the top tether strap when attached to the anchorage ring on an outer rear seat backrest may push against the storage box and prevent the backrest from properly locking into position.


왘 If you place a child seat in the left or


center rear seat position, remove twin roller blind (컄 page 258) and return seat to its original position.


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With a child seat and top tether in- stalled in the right rear seat position and twin roller blind installed, make sure the top tether strap is positioned between seat backrest and twin roller blind.


Warning!


Always lock backrest in its upright position when rear seat bench is occupied by pas- sengers, or the extended cargo compart- ment is not in use. Check for secure locking by pushing and pulling on the backrest.


Do not reinstall twin roller blind with a child seat and top tether installed in the left and center rear seat position.


왘 If you place a child seat in the right rear seat position, the twin roller blind can remain installed if so desired.


왘 Fold the rear backrest slightly forward


(컄 page 247).


왘 Guide top tether strap between head


restraint and top of seat back. Head restraints must be installed (if re- movable) and positioned such that the top tether strap can pass freely between the head restraint and top of the seat back. Make sure the tether strap is not twist- ed.


왘 Fold the rear backrest back until it


locks in place (컄 page 248).


Anchorage rings 1 are located on the back side of the outer rear backrests and on the floor behind the rear center seat.


For safety, make sure the hook has attached to the ring beyond the safety catch, as illustrated below.


1 Anchorage ring 2 Hook 왘 Fold up anchorage ring 1. 왘 Securely fasten hook 2, which is part


of the tether strap, to anchorage ring 1.


1 Anchorage ring 2 Hook Once the top tether anchorage hook is attached, the child restraint itself can be secured. Secure the child restraint and tighten the top tether strap according to the child restraint manufacturer’s instruc- tions.


Safety and Security Occupant safety


Child seat anchors - LATCH type This vehicle is equipped with two LATCH (Lower Anchors and Tethers for CHildren) type anchors (at each of the outer rear seats) for the installation of a LATCH child seat with the matching mounting fittings. The anchors are located behind an uphol- stery blend.


1 Indicates the position of the anchors 2 Anchors


83


Safety and Security Occupant safety


왘 Install child seat according to the


manufacturer’s instructions.


Warning!


Blocking of rear door window operation


Make sure the seat belt for the center seat can operate freely with a child seat installed.


Non-LATCH type child seats may also be used and can be installed using the vehicle’s seat belt system (컄 page 73). Install child seat according to the man- ufacturer’s instructions.


Children too big for a toddler restraint must ride in seats using regular seat belts. Posi- tion shoulder belt across chest and shoul- der, not face or neck. A booster seat may be necessary to achieve proper belt positioning for children from 41 lbs until they reach a height where a lap/shoulder belt fits proper- ly without a booster.


Install child seat according to manufactur- er’s instructions.


The child seat must be firmly attached in the right and left side anchors 2. An incorrectly mounted child seat may come loose during an accident which could result in serious injury or death to the child.


Damaged or impact damaged child seats or child seat mounting fittings must be re- placed.


Do not leave children unattended in the vehicle, even if the children are secured in a child restraint system.


1 Override switch 2 Indicator lamp 왘 Press override switch 1.


Indicator lamp 2 comes on. The rear door windows can no longer be operat- ed using the switches located in the rear doors.


Operation of the rear door windows with the switches located on the door control panel of the driver’s door is still possible.


84


Warning!


Activate the override switch when children are riding in the back seats of the vehicle. The children may otherwise injure them- selves, e.g. by becoming trapped in the win- dow opening.


When leaving the vehicle, always remove the SmartKey or the SmartKey with KEYLESS-GO* from the starter switch, take it with you, and lock the vehicle. Do not leave children unattended in the vehicle, or with access to an unlocked vehicle. Unsu- pervised use of vehicle equipment can cause an accident and/or serious personal injury.


For more information on power windows, see the “Controls in detail” section (컄 page 221).


Safety and Security Occupant safety


85


Safety and Security Panic alarm


An audible alarm and flashing exterior lamps will operate for approximately 2½ minutes.


1 Â button


Activating


왘 Press and hold button 1 for at least


one second.


86


Canada only: This device complies with RSS-210 of Industry Canada. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) This device may not cause interfer-


ence, and


(2) this device must accept any inter-


ference received, including interfer- ence that may cause undesired operation of the device.


Any unauthorized modification to this device could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.


Deactivating


왘 Press button 1 again.


or


왘 Insert SmartKey in starter switch.


USA only: This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful


interference, and


(2) this device must accept any inter-


ference received, including interfer- ence that may cause undesired operation.


Any unauthorized modification to this device could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.


왔 Driving safety systems In this section you will find information on the following driving safety systems: 앫 ABS (Antilock Brake System) 앫 BAS (Brake Assist System) 앫 ESP (Electronic Stability Program) 앫 SBC (Sensotronic Brake Control) 앫 4MATIC (Four Wheel Electronic


Traction System)


In winter operation, the maximum effectiveness of the ABS, the BAS, the ESP, SBC and 4MATIC is only achieved with winter tires (M+S tires), or snow chains as required.


Warning!


The following factors increase the risk of ac-

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