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Driving and Operating
Highway Hypnosis Always be alert and pay attention to your surroundings while driving. If you become tired or sleepy, find a safe place to park your vehicle and rest. Other driving tips include: (cid:127) Keep the vehicle well ventilated. (cid:127) Keep interior temperature cool. (cid:127) Keep your eyes moving — scan the road ahead and to the sides.
(cid:127) Check the rearview mirror and
vehicle instruments often.
Before Leaving on a Long Trip To prepare your vehicle for a long trip, consider having it serviced by your dealer/retailer before departing. Things to check on your own include: (cid:127) Windshield Washer Fluid: Reservoir full? Windows clean — inside and outside?
(cid:127) Wiper Blades: In good shape? (cid:127) Fuel, Engine Oil, Other Fluids: All
levels checked?
(cid:127) Lamps: Do they all work and are
lenses clean?
(cid:127) Tires: Are treads good? Are tires
inflated to recommended pressure?
(cid:127) Weather and Maps: Safe to
travel? Have up-to-date maps?
Hill and Mountain Roads Driving on steep hills or through mountains is different than driving on flat or rolling terrain. Tips for driving in these conditions include: (cid:127) Keep the vehicle serviced
and in good shape.
(cid:127) Check all fluid levels and brakes,
tires, cooling system, and transmission.
(cid:127) Going down steep or long hills,
shift to a lower gear.
{ CAUTION
If you do not shift down, the brakes could get so hot that they would not work well. You would then have poor braking or even none going down a hill. You could crash. Shift down to let the engine assist the brakes on a steep downhill slope.
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8-27
{ CAUTION
Coasting downhill in N (Neutral) or with the ignition off is dangerous. The brakes will have to do all the work of slowing down and they could get so hot that they would not work well. You would then have poor braking or even none going down a hill. You could crash. Always have the engine running and the vehicle in gear when going downhill.
(cid:127) Stay in your own lane. Do not
swing wide or cut across the center of the road. Drive at speeds that let you stay in your own lane.
(cid:127) Top of hills: Be alert — something could be in your lane (stalled car, accident).
(cid:127) Pay attention to special road
signs (falling rocks area, winding roads, long grades, passing or no-passing zones) and take appropriate action.
Winter Driving Driving on Snow or Ice Drive carefully when there is snow or ice between the tires and the road, creating less traction or grip. Wet ice can occur at about 32°F (0°C) when freezing rain begins to fall, resulting in even less traction. Avoid driving on wet ice or in freezing rain until roads can be treated with salt or sand. Drive with caution, whatever the condition. Accelerate gently so traction is not lost. Accelerating too quickly causes the wheels to spin and makes the surface under the tires slick, so there is even less traction.
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Driving and Operating
Blizzard Conditions Being stuck in snow can be in a serious situation. Stay with the vehicle unless there is help nearby. If possible, use the Roadside Assistance Program on page 12-6. To get help and keep everyone in the vehicle safe: (cid:127) Turn on the Hazard Warning
Flashers on page 4-4.
(cid:127) Tie a red cloth to an outside
mirror.
Try not to break the fragile traction. If you accelerate too fast, the drive wheels will spin and polish the surface under the tires even more. The Antilock Brake System (ABS) on page 8-18 improves vehicle stability during hard stops on a slippery roads, but apply the brakes sooner than when on dry pavement. Allow greater following distance on any slippery road and watch for slippery spots. Icy patches can occur on otherwise clear roads in shaded areas. The surface of a curve or an overpass can remain icy when the surrounding roads are clear. Avoid sudden steering maneuvers and braking while on ice. Turn off cruise control, if equipped, on slippery surfaces.
{ CAUTION
Snow can trap engine exhaust under the vehicle. This may cause exhaust gases to get inside. Engine exhaust contains carbon monoxide (CO) which cannot be seen or smelled. It can cause unconsciousness and even death. If the vehicle is stuck in the snow:
(cid:127) Clear away snow from
around the base of your vehicle, especially any that is blocking the exhaust pipe. (cid:127) Check again from time to time to be sure snow does not collect there.
(cid:127) Open a window about
two inches on the side of the vehicle that is away from the wind to bring in fresh air.
(Continued)
CAUTION (Continued)
(cid:127) Fully open the air outlets on
or under the instrument panel.
(cid:127) Adjust the Climate Control
system to a setting that circulates the air inside the vehicle and set the fan speed to the highest setting. See Climate Control System in the Index.
For more information about carbon monoxide, see Engine Exhaust on page 8-14. Snow can trap exhaust gases under your vehicle. This can cause deadly CO (carbon monoxide) gas to get inside. CO could overcome you and kill you. You cannot see it or smell it, so you might not know it is in your vehicle. Clear away snow from around the base of your vehicle, especially any that is blocking the exhaust
Driving and Operating
8-29
Run the engine for short periods only as needed to keep warm, but be careful. To save fuel, run the engine for only short periods as needed to warm the vehicle and then shut the engine off and close the window most of the way to save heat. Repeat this until help arrives but only when you feel really uncomfortable from the cold. Moving about to keep warm also helps. If it takes some time for help to arrive, now and then when you run the engine, push the accelerator pedal slightly so the engine runs faster than the idle speed. This keeps the battery charged to restart the vehicle and to signal for help with the headlamps. Do this as little as possible to save fuel.
If Your Vehicle is Stuck in Sand, Mud, Ice, or Snow Slowly and cautiously spin the wheels to free the vehicle when stuck in sand, mud, ice, or snow. See Rocking Your Vehicle to Get It Out on page 8-30.
{ CAUTION
If you let your vehicle’s tires spin at high speed, they can explode, and you or others could be injured. The vehicle can overheat, causing an engine compartment fire or other damage. Spin the wheels as little as possible and avoid going above 35 mph (55 km/h) as shown on the speedometer.
For information about using tire chains on the vehicle, see Tire Chains on page 9-65.
8-30
Driving and Operating
Loading the Vehicle It is very important to know how much weight the vehicle can carry. This weight is called the vehicle capacity weight and includes the weight of all occupants, cargo and all nonfactory-installed options. Two labels on the vehicle show how much weight it may properly carry, the Tire and Loading Information label and the Certification label.
{ CAUTION
Do not load the vehicle any heavier than the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR), or either the maximum front or rear Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR). If you do, parts on the vehicle can break, and it can change the way your vehicle handles. These could cause you to lose control and crash. Also, overloading can shorten the life of the vehicle.
Rocking Your Vehicle to Get It Out Turn the steering wheel left and right to clear the area around the front wheels. Turn off any stability system. Shift back and forth between R (Reverse) and a forward gear, spinning the wheels as little as possible. To prevent transmission wear, wait until the wheels stop spinning before shifting gears. Release the accelerator pedal while shifting, and press lightly on the accelerator pedal when the transmission is in gear. Slowly spinning the wheels in the forward and reverse directions causes a rocking motion that could free the vehicle. If that does not get the vehicle out after a few tries, it might need to be towed out. If the vehicle does need to be towed out, see Towing Your Vehicle on page 9-88.
Tire and Loading Information Label
Label Example
A vehicle specific Tire and Loading Information label is attached to the vehicle’s center pillar (B-pillar). With the driver’s door open, you will find the label attached near the door lock post. The Tire and Loading Information label shows the number of
Driving and Operating
8-31
occupant seating positions (A), and the maximum vehicle capacity weight (B) in kilograms and pounds. The Tire and Loading Information label also shows the tire size of the original equipment tires (C) and the recommended cold tire inflation pressures (D). For more information on tires and inflation see Tires on page 9-42 and Inflation - Tire Pressure on page 9-49. There is also important loading information on the Certification label. It tells you the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) and the Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR) for the front and rear axle. See “Certification Label” later in this section.
Steps for Determining Correct Load Limit 1. Locate the statement “The
combined weight of occupants and cargo should never exceed XXX kg or XXX lbs” on your vehicle placard. 2. Determine the combined weight of the driver and passengers that will be riding in your vehicle.
3. Subtract the combined weight of the driver and passengers from XXX kg or XXX lbs.
4. The resulting figure equals the available amount of cargo and luggage load capacity. For example, if the “XXX” amount equals 1400 lbs and there will be five 150 lb passengers in your vehicle, the amount of available cargo and luggage load capacity is 650 lbs (1400 − 750 (5 x 150) = 650 lbs).
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Driving and Operating
5. Determine the combined
weight of luggage and cargo being loaded on the vehicle. That weight may not safely exceed the available cargo and luggage load capacity calculated in Step 4. 6. If your vehicle will be towing a
trailer, the load from your trailer will be transferred to your vehicle. Consult this manual to determine how this reduces the available cargo and luggage load capacity of your vehicle.
See Towing a Trailer on page 9-89 for important information on towing a trailer, towing safety rules and trailering tips.
Example 1
Example 2
A. Vehicle Capacity Weight for
Example 1 = 1,000 lbs (453 kg).
B. Subtract Occupant Weight
150 lbs (68 kg) × 2 = 300 lbs (136 kg).
C. Available Occupant and Cargo Weight = 700 lbs (317 kg).
A. Vehicle Capacity Weight for
Example 2 = 1,000 lbs (453 kg).
B. Subtract Occupant Weight
150 lbs (68 kg) × 5 = 750 lbs (340 kg).
C. Available Cargo
Weight = 250 lbs (113 kg).
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8-33
seating positions. The combined weight of the driver, passengers, and cargo should never exceed the vehicle’s capacity weight. Certification Label
Example 3
A. Vehicle Capacity Weight for
Example 3 = 1,000 lbs (453 kg).
B. Subtract Occupant Weight
200 lbs (91 kg) × 5 = 1,000 lbs (453 kg).
C. Available Cargo
Weight = 0 lbs (0 kg).
Refer to the vehicle’s Tire and Loading Information label for specific information about the vehicle’s capacity weight and
Label Example
A vehicle specific Certification label, is attached to the driver side center pillar. The label tells you the gross weight capacity of the vehicle, called the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR). The GVWR includes
the weight of the vehicle, all occupants, fuel, and cargo. Never exceed the GVWR for the vehicle, or the Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR) for either the front or rear axle. And, if you do have a heavy load, you should spread it out. See “Steps for Determining Correct Load Limit” earlier in this section.
{ CAUTION
Do not load the vehicle any heavier than the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR), or either the maximum front or rear Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR). If you do, parts on the vehicle can break, and it can change the way your vehicle handles. These could cause you to lose control and crash. Also, overloading can shorten the life of the vehicle.
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Driving and Operating
If you put things inside the vehicle — like suitcases, tools, packages, or anything else — they will go as fast as the vehicle goes. If you have to stop or turn quickly, or if there is a crash, they will keep going.
{ CAUTION
Things you put inside the vehicle can strike and injure people in a sudden stop or turn, or in a crash.
(cid:127) Put things in the trunk of your vehicle. In a trunk, put them as far forward as you can. Try to spread the weight evenly.
(Continued)
CAUTION (Continued)
(cid:127) Never stack heavier things, like suitcases, inside the vehicle so that some of them are above the tops of the seats.
(cid:127) Do not leave an unsecured
child restraint in the vehicle.
(cid:127) When you carry something inside the vehicle, secure it whenever you can.
(cid:127) Do not leave a seat folded down unless you need to.
Fuel Use of the recommended fuel is an important part of the proper maintenance of this vehicle. To help keep the engine clean and maintain optimum vehicle performance, we recommend the use of gasoline advertised as TOP TIER Detergent Gasoline. The 8th digit of the Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) shows the code letter or number that identifies the vehicle’s engine. The VIN is at the top left of the instrument panel. See Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) on page 10-1.
Gasoline Octane If the vehicle has a V8 engine, use regular unleaded gasoline with a posted octane rating of 87 or higher. If the octane rating is less than 87, you might notice an audible knocking noise when you drive, commonly referred to as spark knock. If this occurs, use a gasoline rated at 87
octane or higher as soon as possible. If you are using gasoline rated at 87
octane or higher and you hear heavy knocking, the engine needs service. If the vehicle has the 3.6L V6 engine (VIN Code 7), use regular unleaded gasoline with a posted octane rating of 87 or higher. For best performance or trailer towing, you could choose to use middle grade 89 octane unleaded gasoline. If the octane rating is less than 87, you might notice an audible knocking noise when you drive, commonly referredDriving and Operating
8-35
to as spark knock. If this occurs, use a gasoline rated at 87 octane or higher as soon as possible. If you are using gasoline rated at 87 octane or higher and you hear heavy knocking, the engine needs service.
Gasoline Specifications At a minimum, gasoline should meet ASTM specification D 4814
in the United States or CAN/CGSB-3.5 or 3.511 in Canada. Some gasolines contain an octane-enhancing additive called methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT). We recommend against the use of gasolines containing MMT. See Additives on page 8-36 for additional information.California Fuel If the vehicle is certified to meet California Emissions Standards, it is designed to operate on fuels that meet California specifications. See the underhood emission control label. If this fuel is not available in states adopting California emissions standards, the vehicle will operate satisfactorily on fuels meeting federal specifications, but emission control system performance might be affected. The malfunction indicator lamp could turn on and the vehicle might fail a smog-check test. See Malfunction Indicator Lamp on page 4-18. If this occurs, return to your authorized dealer/retailer for diagnosis. If it is determined that the condition is caused by the type of fuel used, repairs might not be covered by the vehicle warranty.
8-36
Driving and Operating
Additives To provide cleaner air, all gasolines in the United States are now required to contain additives that help prevent engine and fuel system deposits from forming, allowing the emission control system to work properly. In most cases, you should not have to add anything to the fuel. However, some gasolines contain only the minimum amount of additive required to meet U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations. To help keep fuel injectors and intake valves clean, or if the vehicle experiences problems due to dirty injectors or valves, look for gasoline that is advertised as TOP TIER Detergent Gasoline. Also, your dealer/retailer has additives that will help correct and prevent most deposit-related problems. Gasolines containing oxygenates, such as ethers and ethanol, and reformulated gasolines might be available in your area.
We recommend that you use these gasolines, if they comply with the specifications described earlier. However, E85 (85% ethanol) and other fuels containing more than 10% ethanol must not be used in vehicles that were not designed for those fuels. Notice: This vehicle was not designed for fuel that contains methanol. Do not use fuel containing methanol. It can corrode metal parts in the fuel system and also damage plastic and rubber parts. That damage would not be covered under the vehicle warranty. Some gasolines that are not reformulated for low emissions can contain an octane-enhancing additive called methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT); ask the attendant where you buy gasoline whether the fuel contains MMT.
We recommend against the use of such gasolines. Fuels containing MMT can reduce the life of spark plugs and the performance of the emission control system could be affected. The malfunction indicator lamp might turn on. If this occurs, return to your dealer/retailer for service.
Fuels in Foreign Countries If you plan on driving in another country outside the United States or Canada, the proper fuel might be hard to find. Never use leaded gasoline or any other fuel not recommended in the previous text on fuel. Costly repairs caused by use of improper fuel would not be covered by the vehicle warranty. To check the fuel availability, ask an auto club, or contact a major oil company that does business in the country where you will be driving.
Filling the Tank
{ CAUTION
Fuel vapor burns violently and a fuel fire can cause bad injuries. To help avoid injuries to you and others, read and follow all the instructions on the pump island. Turn off the engine when you are refueling. Do not smoke if you are near fuel or refueling the vehicle. Do not use cellular phones. Keep sparks, flames, and smoking materials away from fuel. Do not leave the fuel pump unattended when refueling the vehicle. This is against the law in some places. Do not re-enter the vehicle while pumping fuel. Keep children away from the fuel pump; never let children pump fuel.
Driving and Operating
8-37
{ CAUTION
Fuel can spray out on you if you open the fuel cap too quickly. If you spill fuel and then something ignites it, you could be badly burned. This spray can happen if the tank is nearly full, and is more likely in hot weather. Open the fuel cap slowly and wait for any hiss noise to stop. Then unscrew the cap all the way.
Be careful not to spill fuel. Do not top off or overfill the tank and wait a few seconds after you have finished pumping before removing the nozzle. Clean fuel from painted surfaces as soon as possible. See Exterior Cleaning on page 9-98. When replacing the fuel cap, turn it clockwise until it clicks. Make sure the cap is fully installed.
The fuel cap is located behind a hinged fuel door on the passenger side of the vehicle. To open the fuel door, the vehicle must be unlocked. Push on the rear edge of the door to open. When reinstalling the cap, turn it clockwise until it clicks, otherwise the Malfunction Indicator Lamp may turn on. See Malfunction Indicator Lamp on page 4-18.
8-38
Driving and Operating
The diagnostic system can determine if the fuel cap has been left off or improperly installed. This would allow fuel to evaporate into the atmosphere. See Malfunction Indicator Lamp on page 4-18.
{ CAUTION
If a fire starts while you are refueling, do not remove the nozzle. Shut off the flow of fuel by shutting off the pump or by notifying the station attendant. Leave the area immediately.
If you need a new fuel
Notice: cap, be sure to get the right type. Your dealer/retailer can get one for you. If you get the wrong type, it may not fit properly. This may cause the malfunction indicator lamp to light and may damage the fuel tank and emissions system. See Malfunction Indicator Lamp on page 4-18.
Filling a Portable Fuel Container
{ CAUTION
Never fill a portable fuel container while it is in the vehicle. Static electricity discharge from the container can ignite the fuel vapor. You can be badly burned and the vehicle damaged if this occurs. To help avoid injury to you and others:
(cid:127) Dispense fuel only into
approved containers.
(cid:127) Do not fill a container while it
is inside a vehicle, in a vehicle’s trunk, pickup bed, or on any surface other than the ground.
(Continued)
CAUTION (Continued)
(cid:127) Bring the fill nozzle in contact
with the inside of the fill opening before operating the nozzle. Contact should be maintained until the filling is complete.
(cid:127) Do not smoke while
pumping fuel.
(cid:127) Do not use a cellular phone
while pumping fuel.
Vehicle Service and Care
Service Service ...............................9-2
Accessories and Modifications .....................9-3
California Proposition 65
Warning ............................9-3
California Perchlorate Materials Requirements .....9-3
Doing Your Own Service Work ....................9-4
Adding Equipment to the Outside of the Vehicle ......9-4Owner Checks Owner Checks ....................9-5
Hood Release .....................9-5
Engine Compartment Overview ...........................9-6
Engine Oil ..........................9-8
Engine Oil Life System .....9-10
Engine Air Cleaner/Filter ....9-11
Cooling System .................9-13Vehicle Service and Care
9-1
Engine Coolant .................9-15
Pressure Cap ....................9-19
Engine Overheating ...........9-20
Power Steering Fluid .........9-21
Windshield Washer Fluid ....9-23
Windshield Wiper Blade Replacement ...................9-24
Brakes ..............................9-25
Battery ..............................9-28
Headlamp Aiming Headlamp Aiming ..............9-28
Bulb Replacement Bulb Replacement .............9-31
Halogen Bulbs ..................9-31
Headlamps and Parking Lamps .............................9-31
Front Turn Signal Lamps ...9-33
Taillamps ..........................9-34
License Plate Lamp ..........9-35
Replacement Bulbs ...........9-35
Electrical System Add-On Electrical Equipment .......................9-36
Headlamp Wiring ..............9-36
Windshield Wiper Fuses ....9-36Power Windows and Other Power Options .......9-36
Instrument Panel Fuse Block ......................9-36
Engine Compartment Fuse Block ......................9-38
Rear Compartment Fuse Block ......................9-41Tires Tires .................................9-42
Tire Sidewall Labeling .......9-42
Tire Terminology and Definitions .......................9-46
Inflation - Tire Pressure ....9-49
High-Speed Operation .......9-51
Tire Pressure Monitor System ............................9-52
Tire Pressure Monitor Operation ........................9-54
Tire Inspection and Rotation ..........................9-57
When It Is Time for New Tires .......................9-59
Buying New Tires .............9-59
Different Size Tires and Wheels .....................9-619-2
Vehicle Service and Care
Uniform Tire Quality Grading ...........................9-62
Wheel Alignment and Tire Balance ....................9-64
Wheel Replacement ..........9-64
Tire Chains .......................9-65
Tire Changing If a Tire Goes Flat ............9-66
Tire Sealant and Compressor Kit (V8 Engine) .....................9-67
Changing a Flat Tire .........9-75
Removing the Spare Tire and Tools .................9-76
Removing the Flat Tire and Installing the Spare Tire .......................9-77
Storing a Flat or Spare Tire and Tools .................9-82
Compact Spare Tire ..........9-83Jump Starting Jump Starting ...................9-84
Towing Towing Your Vehicle .........9-88
Shift Lock Manual Release ...........................9-88
Recreational Vehicle Towing ............................9-89
Towing a Trailer ................9-89
Appearance Care Interior Cleaning ................9-95
Exterior Cleaning ..............9-98
Sheet Metal Damage .......9-102
Finish Damage ................9-102
Underbody Maintenance ...9-102
Chemical Paint Spotting .........................9-102Service For service and parts needs, visit your dealer/retailer. You will receive genuine GM parts and GM-trained and supported service people. Genuine GM parts have one of these marks:
Vehicle Service and Care
9-3
Accessories and Modifications When non-dealer/non-retailer accessories are added to the vehicle, they can affect vehicle performance and safety, including such things as airbags, braking, stability, ride and handling, emissions systems, aerodynamics, durability, and electronic systems like antilock brakes, traction control, and stability control. Some of these accessories could even cause malfunction or damage not covered by the vehicle warranty. GM Accessories are designed to complement and function with other systems on the vehicle. Your GM dealer/retailer can accessorize the vehicle using genuine GM Accessories.
When you go to your GM dealer/ retailer and ask for GM Accessories, you will know that GM-trained and supported service technicians will perform the work using genuine GM Accessories. Also, see Adding Equipment to Your Airbag-Equipped Vehicle on page 1-32.
California Proposition 65
Warning Most motor vehicles, including this one, contain and/or emit chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm. Engine exhaust, many parts and systems (including some inside the vehicle), many fluids, and some component wear by-products contain and/or emit these chemicals.California Perchlorate Materials Requirements Certain types of automotive applications, such as airbag initiators, seat belt pretensioners, and lithium batteries contained in remote keyless transmitters, may contain perchlorate materials. Special handling may be necessary. For additional information, see www.dtsc.ca.gov/ hazardouswaste/perchlorate.
9-4
Vehicle Service and Care
Adding Equipment to the Outside of the Vehicle Things added to the outside of the vehicle can affect the airflow around it. This can cause wind noise and can affect fuel economy and windshield washer performance. Check with your dealer/retailer before adding equipment to the outside of the vehicle.
If doing some of your own service work, use the proper service manual. It tells you much more about how to service the vehicle than this manual can. To order the proper service manual, see Service Publications Ordering Information on page 12-15. This vehicle has an airbag system. Before attempting to do your own service work, see Airbag System Check on page 1-33. Keep a record with all parts receipts and list the mileage and the date of any service work performed. See Maintenance Record on page 11-15.
Doing Your Own Service Work
{ CAUTION
You can be injured and the vehicle could be damaged if you try to do service work on a vehicle without knowing enough about it.
(cid:127) Be sure you have sufficient knowledge, experience, the proper replacement parts, and tools before attempting any vehicle maintenance task. (cid:127) Be sure to use the proper
nuts, bolts, and other fasteners. English and metric fasteners can be easily confused. If the wrong fasteners are used, parts can later break or fall off. You could be hurt.
Owner Checks { CAUTION
An electric fan under the hood can start up and injure you even when the engine is not running. Keep hands, clothing, and tools away from any underhood electric fan.
{ CAUTION
Things that burn can get on hot engine parts and start a fire. These include liquids like fuel, oil, coolant, brake fluid, windshield washer and other fluids, and plastic or rubber. You or others could be burned. Be careful not to drop or spill things that will burn onto a hot engine.
Vehicle Service and Care
9-5
Hood Release To open the hood:
1. Pull the release handle with the above symbol on it. It is located below the instrument panel to the left of the steering wheel.
2. Pull up on the secondary hood
release. The lever is located near the middle of the hood.
3. Lift the hood. 4. Release the hood prop rod from
its retainer and put it into the slot in the hood. To insert the hood prop rod into the slot.
Before closing the hood, be sure all the filler caps are on properly. Make sure to return the hood prop rod carefully back to its retainer to avoid damaging the vehicle.
9-6
Vehicle Service and Care
Engine Compartment Overview When you open the hood, this is what you will see:
V6 Engine
A. Engine Compartment Fuse Block
on page 9-38.
B. Coolant Reservoir and Dipstick.
See Cooling System on page 9-13.
C. Engine Oil Fill Cap. See “When to Add Engine Oil” under Engine Oil on page 9-8.
D. Engine Oil Dipstick (Out of View). See “Checking Engine Oil” under Engine Oil on page 9-8.
E. Brake Master Cylinder Reservoir.
See “Brake Fluid” under Brakes on page 9-25.
F. Power Steering Reservoir. See Power Steering Fluid on page 9-21.
G. Engine Air Cleaner/Filter on
page 9-11.
H. Windshield Washer Fluid
Reservoir. See Windshield Washer Fluid on page 9-23. I. Radiator Pressure Cap. See
Cooling System on page 9-13.
Vehicle Service and Care
9-7
A. Engine Compartment Fuse Block
on page 9-38.
B. Coolant Reservoir and Dipstick.
See Cooling System on page 9-13.
C. Engine Oil Dipstick. See
“Checking Engine Oil” under Engine Oil on page 9-8.
D. Engine Oil Fill Cap. See “When to Add Oil” under Engine Oil on page 9-8.
E. Power Steering Reservoir. See Power Steering Fluid on page 9-21.
F. Brake Master Cylinder Reservoir.
See “Brake Fluid” under Brakes on page 9-25.
G. Engine Air Cleaner/Filter on
page 9-11.
V8 Engine
H. Windshield Washer Fluid
Reservoir. See Windshield Washer Fluid on page 9-23. I. Radiator Pressure Cap. See
Cooling System on page 9-13.
What Kind of Engine Oil to Use Look for three things:
9-8
Vehicle Service and Care
Engine Oil Checking Engine Oil It is a good idea to check the engine oil every time you get fuel. In order to get an accurate reading, the oil must be warm and the vehicle must be on level ground. The engine oil dipstick handle is a yellow loop. See Engine Compartment Overview on page 9-6
for the location of the engine oil dipstick. 1. Turn off the engine and give the oil several minutes to drain back into the oil pan. If you do not do this, the oil dipstick might not show the actual level.2. Pull the dipstick and clean it with a paper towel or cloth, then push it back in all the way. Remove it again, keeping the tip down and check the level.
When to Add Engine Oil If the oil is below the MIN (minimum) mark, add at least one quart/liter of the recommended oil. This section explains what kind of oil to use. For engine oil crankcase capacity, see Capacities and Specifications on page 10-2. Notice: Do not add too much oil. If the engine has so much oil that the oil level gets above the upper mark that shows the proper operating range, the engine could be damaged.
See Engine Compartment Overview on page 9-6 for the location of the engine oil fill cap. Add enough oil to put the level somewhere in the proper operating range. Push the dipstick all the way back in when you are through.
Vehicle Service and Care
9-9
Engine Oil Additives / Engine Oil Flushes Do not add anything to the oil. The recommended oils with the starburst symbol that meet GM Standard GM6094M are all you need for good performance and engine protection. Engine oil system flushes are not recommended and could cause engine damage not covered by the vehicle warranty.
(cid:127) GM6094M
Use only an oil that meets GM Standard GM6094M.
(cid:127) SAE 5W-30
SAE 5W-30 is best for the vehicle. If you are in an area of extreme cold, where the temperature falls below −20°F (−29°C), use either an SAE 5W-30 synthetic oil or an SAE 0W-30 oil. Both provide easier cold starting and better protection for the engine at extremely low temperatures. These numbers on an oil container show its viscosity, or thickness. Do not use other viscosity oils such as SAE 20W-50.
(cid:127) American Petroleum Institute
(API) starburst symbol
Oils meeting these requirements should have the starburst symbol on the container. This symbol indicates that the oil has been certified by the American Petroleum Institute (API).
Notice: Use only engine oil identified as meeting GM Standard GM6094M and showing the American Petroleum Institute Certified For Gasoline Engines starburst symbol. Failure to use the recommended oil can result in engine damage not covered by the vehicle warranty.
9-10
Vehicle Service and Care
Engine Oil Life System When to Change Engine Oil This vehicle has a computer system that lets you know when to change the engine oil and filter. This is based on engine revolutions and engine temperature, and not on mileage. Based on driving conditions, the mileage at which an oil change will be indicated can vary considerably. For the oil life system to work properly, you must reset the system every time the oil is changed. When the system has calculated that oil life has been diminished, it will indicate that an oil change is necessary. The Service Engine Oil message will be displayed.
Change the oil as soon as possible within the next 600 miles (1 000 km). It is possible that, if you are driving under the best conditions, the oil life system might not indicate that an oil change is necessary for over a year. However, the engine oil and filter must be changed at least once a year and at this time the system must be reset. Your dealer/retailer has trained service people who will perform this work using genuine parts and reset the system. It is also important to check the oil regularly and keep it at the proper level. If the system is ever reset accidentally, you must change the oil at 3,000 miles (5 000 km) since the last oil change. Remember to reset the oil life system whenever the oil is changed.
How to Reset the Engine Oil Life System The Engine Oil Life System calculates when to change the engine oil and filter based on vehicle use. Whenever the oil is changed, reset the system so it can calculate when the next oil change is required. If a situation occurs where you change the oil prior to the Service Engine Oil message being displayed, reset the system. After changing the engine oil, reset the system: 1. Turn the ignition key to ON/RUN
with the engine off.
2. Fully press and release the
accelerator pedal three times within five seconds. If the Service Engine Oil message does not appear, the system is reset.
If the Service Engine Oil message displays, reset the system again.
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Engine Air Cleaner/Filter See Engine Compartment Overview on page 9-6 for the location of the engine air cleaner/filter. When to Inspect the Engine Air Cleaner/Filter Inspect the air cleaner/filter at the Maintenance II intervals and replace it at the first oil change after each 50,000 mile (83 000 km) interval. See “Schedule Maintenance” in Service and Maintenance for more information. If you are driving in dusty/dirty conditions, inspect the filter at each engine oil change.
How to Inspect the Engine Air Cleaner/Filter To inspect the air cleaner/filter, remove the filter from the vehicle and lightly shake the filter to release loose dust and dirt. If the filter remains caked with dirt, a new filter is required. To inspect or replace the engine air cleaner/filter: 1. Open the hood. See Hood
Release on page 9-5.
2. Locate the air filter housing on
the front of the driver side of the engine compartment. See Engine Compartment Overview on page 9-6.
What to Do with Used Oil Used engine oil contains certain elements that can be unhealthy for your skin and could even cause cancer. Do not let used oil stay on your skin for very long. Clean your skin and nails with soap and water, or a good hand cleaner. Wash or properly dispose of clothing or rags containing used engine oil. See the manufacturer’s warnings about the use and disposal of oil products. Used oil can be a threat to the environment. If you change your own oil, be sure to drain all the oil from the filter before disposal. Never dispose of oil by putting it in the trash, pouring it on the ground, into sewers, or into streams or bodies of water. Recycle it by taking it to a place that collects used oil.
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Vehicle Service and Care
4. Remove the five retaining clips
on the air filter housing.
5. Pull straight up on cover, while
holding the cover remove the air filter.
6. Install the air filter. 7. Close the air filter housing cover
and clip the five retaining clips. 8. On the V8 engine push in the
airflow sensor connector.
3. On the V8 engine, remove the
airflow sensor connector by pushing in the tab and pulling straight back.
{ CAUTION
Operating the engine with the air cleaner/filter off can cause you or others to be burned. The air cleaner not only cleans the air; it helps to stop flames if the engine backfires. If it is not there and the engine backfires, you could be burned. Do not drive with it off, and be careful working on the engine with the air cleaner/filter off.
If the air cleaner/filter
Notice: is off, a backfire can cause a damaging engine fire. And, dirt can easily get into the engine, which will damage it. Always have the air cleaner/filter in place when you are driving.
Cooling System When you decide it is safe to lift the hood, this is what you see:
Vehicle Service and Care
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A. Engine Coolant Reservoir B. Radiator Cap
V6 Engine
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Vehicle Service and Care
A. Engine Coolant Reservoir B. Radiator Cap
V8 Engine
{ CAUTION
An electric engine cooling fan under the hood can start up even when the engine is not running and can cause injury. Keep hands, clothing, and tools away from any underhood electric fan.
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9-15
{ CAUTION
Heater and radiator hoses, and other engine parts, can be very hot. Do not touch them. If you do, you can be burned. Do not run the engine if there is a leak. If you run the engine, it could lose all coolant. That could cause an engine fire, and you could be burned. Get any leak fixed before you drive the vehicle.
Notice: Using coolant other than DEX-COOL® can cause premature engine, heater core, or radiator corrosion. In addition, the engine coolant could require changing sooner, at 30,000 miles (50 000 km) or 24 months, whichever occurs first. Any repairs would not be covered by the vehicle warranty. Always use DEX-COOL® (silicate-free) coolant in the vehicle.
Engine Coolant The cooling system in the vehicle is filled with DEX-COOL® engine coolant. This coolant is designed to remain in the vehicle for five years or 150,000 miles (240 000 km), whichever occurs first. The following explains the cooling system and how to check and add coolant when it is low. If there is a problem with engine overheating, see Engine Overheating on page 9-20.
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Vehicle Service and Care
What to Use
{ CAUTION
Adding only plain water to the cooling system can be dangerous. Plain water, or some other liquid such as alcohol, can boil before the proper coolant mixture will. The vehicle’s coolant warning system is set for the proper coolant mixture. With plain water or the wrong mixture, the engine could get too hot but you would not get the overheat warning. The engine could catch fire and you or others could be burned. Use a 50/50 mixture of clean, drinkable water and DEX-COOL® coolant.
Use a 50/50 mixture of clean, drinkable water and DEX-COOL® coolant. If using this mixture, nothing else needs to be added. This mixture: (cid:127) Gives freezing protection down
to −34°F (−37°C), outside temperature.
(cid:127) Gives boiling protection up to
265°F (129°C), engine temperature.
(cid:127) Protects against rust and
corrosion.
(cid:127) Will not damage aluminum parts. (cid:127) Helps keep the proper engine
temperature.
If an improper coolant
Notice: mixture is used, the engine could overheat and be badly damaged. The repair cost would not be covered by the vehicle warranty. Too much water in the mixture can freeze and crack the engine, radiator, heater core, and other parts. Notice: If extra inhibitors and/or additives are used in the vehicle’s cooling system, the vehicle could be damaged. Use only the proper mixture of the engine coolant listed in this manual for the cooling system. See Recommended Fluids and Lubricants on page 11-12 for more information.
Checking Coolant The vehicle must be on a level surface when checking the coolant level. Check to see if coolant is visible in the coolant recovery tank. If the coolant inside the coolant recovery tank is boiling, do not do anything else until it cools down. If coolant is visible but the coolant level is not at or above the COLD mark, add a 50/50 mixture of clean, drinkable water and DEX-COOL® coolant at the coolant recovery tank, but be sure the cooling system is cool before this is done. See Engine Coolant Engine Coolant for more information.
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The coolant reservoir is located in the engine compartment on the passenger side of the vehicle. See Engine Compartment Overview on page 9-6 for more information on location. The coolant level should be at or above the top mark on the coolant reservoir dipstick. If it is not, you may have a leak in the cooling system.
How to Add Coolant to the Recovery Tank
{ CAUTION
You can be burned if you spill coolant on hot engine parts. Coolant contains ethylene glycol and it will burn if the engine parts are hot enough. Do not spill coolant on a hot engine.
Notice: This vehicle has a specific coolant fill procedure. Failure to follow this procedure could cause the engine to overheat and be severely damaged. If coolant is needed, add the proper DEX-COOL® coolant mixture at the coolant recovery tank.
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Vehicle Service and Care
How to Add Coolant to the Radiator
{ CAUTION
You can be burned if you spill coolant on hot engine parts. Coolant contains ethylene glycol and it will burn if the engine parts are hot enough. Do not spill coolant on a hot engine.
Notice: This vehicle has a specific coolant fill procedure. Failure to follow this procedure could cause the engine to overheat and be severely damaged.
{ CAUTION
An electric engine cooling fan under the hood can start up even when the engine is not running and can cause injury. Keep hands, clothing, and tools away from any underhood electric fan.
{ CAUTION
Steam and scalding liquids from a hot cooling system can blow out and burn you badly. They are under pressure, and if you turn the radiator pressure cap — even a little — they can come out at high speed. Never turn the cap
(Continued)
CAUTION (Continued)
when the cooling system, including the radiator pressure cap, is hot. Wait for the cooling system and radiator pressure cap to cool if you ever have to turn the pressure cap.
If coolant is needed, add the proper mixture directly to the radiator, but be sure the cooling system is cool before this is done.
If no coolant is visible in the surge tank, add coolant as follows: 1. Check the engine coolant
reservoir level and, if required, top with coolant. See Engine Coolant on page 9-15 Engine Coolant.
2. Locate the radiator cap. 3. Cover the cap with a thick
cloth and turn it slowly counterclockwise and remove.
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4. If there is no coolant or the level is low, slowly fill the system through the radiator cap opening with a 50/50 mixture of clean, drinkable water and a DEX-COOL® coolant until full. Wait 30 seconds for coolant to settle and top off if the level drops. Do not spill coolant on the accessory drive belts. If a spill occurs, rinse the belt with fresh water. 5. Start the engine. 6. With the engine idling, top off the coolant through the radiator cap opening until full. Wait 30 seconds for the coolant to settle and top off, if the level drops.
7. Once the system is full, put the radiator cap back on by turning clockwise.
8. Turn off the ignition. 9. Check the coolant level in the
reservoir and fill it until the level is at the top of the dipstick.
If the pressure cap is
Notice: not tightly installed, coolant loss and possible engine damage may occur. Be sure the cap is properly and tightly secured.
If the pressure cap is
Pressure Cap Notice: not tightly installed, coolant loss and possible engine damage may occur. Be sure the cap is properly and tightly secured. See Engine Compartment Overview on page 9-6 for more information on location.
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Vehicle Service and Care
Engine Overheating The vehicle has an indicator to warn of engine overheating. There is an engine coolant temperature warning light on your vehicle’s instrument panel. See Engine Coolant Temperature Gage on page 4-17. You may decide not to lift the hood when this warning appears, but instead get service help right away. See Roadside Assistance Program on page 12-6. If you do decide to lift the hood, make sure the vehicle is parked on a level surface.
Then check to see if the engine cooling fans are running. If the engine is overheating, both fans should be running. If they are not, do not continue to run the engine and have the vehicle serviced. Notice: Engine damage from running the engine without coolant is not covered by the warranty. Notice: because of being driven with no coolant, your vehicle can be badly damaged. The costly repairs would not be covered by the vehicle warranty.
If the engine catches fire
If Steam Is Coming From The Engine Compartment { CAUTION
Steam from an overheated engine can burn you badly, even if you just open the hood. Stay away from the engine if you see or hear steam coming from it. Just turn it off and get everyone away from the vehicle until it cools down. Wait until there is no sign of steam or coolant before you open the hood. If you keep driving when your engine is overheated, the liquids in it can catch fire. You or others could be badly burned. Stop your engine if it overheats, and get out of the vehicle until the engine is cool.
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If the temperature overheat gage is no longer in the overheat zone or an overheat warning no longer displays, the vehicle can be driven. Continue to drive the vehicle slow for about 10 minutes. Keep a safe vehicle distance from the car in front of you. If the warning does not come back on, continue to drive normally. If the warning continues, pull over, stop, and park the vehicle right away. If there is no sign of steam, idle the engine for three minutes while parked. If the warning is still displayed, turn off the engine until it cools down. Also, see ‘‘Overheated Engine Protection Operating Mode’’ later in this section.
Power Steering Fluid Power Steering Fluid Level Power steering fluid is used in all vehicles. Check the level after the vehicle has been driven for at least twenty minutes so the fluid is warm. How to Check Power Steering Fluid To check the power steering fluid, do the following: 1. Turn the key off and let the engine
compartment cool down.
2. The power steering fluid reservoir
is located on the driver side toward the front of the engine compartment. See Engine Compartment Overview on page 9-6.
If No Steam Is Coming From The Engine Compartment If an engine overheat warning is displayed but no steam can be seen or heard, the problem may not be too serious. Sometimes the engine can get a little too hot when the vehicle: (cid:127) Climbs a long hill on a hot day. (cid:127) Stops after high-speed driving. (cid:127) Idles for long periods in traffic. (cid:127) Tows a trailer. If the overheat warning is displayed with no sign of steam: 1. Turn the air off. 2. Turn the heater on to the highest
temperature and to the highest fan speed. Open the windows as necessary.
3. In heavy traffic, let the engine idle
in N (Neutral) while stopped. If it is safe to do so, pull off the road, shift to P (Park) or N (Neutral) and let the engine idle.
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Vehicle Service and Care
3. Wipe the cap and the top of the
reservoir clean.
V8 Engine
4. Turn the cap counterclockwise
and pull it straight up.
5. When the engine is hot, the level
should be at the hot MAX level. When the engine is cold, the fluid level should be between MIN and MAX on the dipstick.
6. Replace the cap.
V6 Engine
Adding Power Steering Fluid To determine what kind of fluid to use, see Recommended Fluids and Lubricants on page 11-12. Always use the proper fluid. Failure to use the proper fluid can cause leaks and damage hoses and seals. 1. Turn the ignition to LOCK/OFF. 2. Top off with power steering
fluid. Do not overfill the reservoir.
3. Push the cap straight down
and turn clockwise to tighten.
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9-23
Adding Washer Fluid
Windshield Washer Fluid What to Use When you need windshield washer fluid, be sure to read the manufacturer’s instructions before use. If you will be operating your vehicle in an area where the temperature may fall below freezing, use a fluid that has sufficient protection against freezing.
Open the cap with the washer symbol on it. Add washer fluid until the tank is full. See Engine Compartment Overview on page 9-6
for reservoir location.Notice: (cid:127) When using concentrated
washer fluid, follow the manufacturer’s instructions for adding water.
(cid:127) Do not mix water with
ready-to-use washer fluid. Water can cause the solution to freeze and damage your washer fluid tank and other parts of the washer system. Also, water does not clean as well as washer fluid.
(cid:127) Fill the washer fluid tank only
three-quarters full when it is very cold. This allows for fluid expansion if freezing occurs, which could damage the tank if it is completely full.
(cid:127) Do not use engine coolant
(antifreeze) in your windshield washer. It can damage the vehicle’s windshield washer system and paint.
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Vehicle Service and Care
Windshield Wiper Blade Replacement Front Windshield Wiper Windshield wiper blades should be inspected for wear or cracking. See “Maintenance Replacement Parts” in the Limited Warranty, Maintenance and owner Assistance Information manual for the proper type and length. Raise the wiper arm, tilt the wiper blade at a 90° angle to the wiper arm, and remove to the side. 1. Turn the ignition off. 2. With the key in the ignition and key in the LOCK position, press the wiper lever down. Release the wiper lever when the wipers are in the vertical position.
Rear Windshield Wiper
3. Raise the wiper arm away from
the windshield.
4. Turn the wiper blade at a
90° angle to the wiper arm and remove the blade to the side.
5. Install the new wiper blade. 6. Lower the wiper arm on to the
windshield.
1. Lift the wiper arm straight up. 2. Push the wiper blade straight out
of the wiper arm to remove. 3. Install the new wiper blade.
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(cid:127) A fluid leak in the brake hydraulic system can also cause a low fluid level. Have the brake hydraulic system fixed, since a leak means that sooner or later the brakes will not work well.
Do not top off the brake fluid. Adding fluid does not correct a leak. If fluid is added when the linings are worn, there will be too much fluid when new brake linings are installed. Add or remove brake fluid, as necessary, only when work is done on the brake hydraulic system.
{ CAUTION
If too much brake fluid is added, it can spill on the engine and burn, if the engine is hot enough. You or others could be burned, and the vehicle could be damaged. Add brake fluid only when work is done on the brake hydraulic system.
When the brake fluid falls to a low level, the brake warning light comes on. See Brake System Warning Light on page 4-15.
Brakes Brake Fluid
The brake master cylinder reservoir is filled with DOT-4 brake fluid. There are only two reasons why the brake fluid level in the reservoir might go down: (cid:127) The brake fluid level goes down because of normal brake lining wear. When new linings are installed, the fluid level goes back up.
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Vehicle Service and Care
What to Add Use only new DOT-4 brake fluid from a sealed container. It is recommended that the brake hydraulic system be flushed and refilled with new DOT-4 fluid at a regular maintenance service every two years. See Additional Required Services on page 11-6
and Recommended Fluids and Lubricants on page 11-12. Always clean the brake fluid reservoir cap and the area around the cap before removing it. This helps keep dirt from entering the reservoir.{ CAUTION
With the wrong kind of fluid in the brake hydraulic system, the brakes might not work well. This could cause a crash. Always use the proper brake fluid.
Notice: (cid:127) Using the wrong fluid can badly damage brake hydraulic system parts. For example, just a few drops of mineral-based oil, such as engine oil, in the brake hydraulic system can damage brake hydraulic system parts so badly that they will have to be replaced. Do not let someone put in the wrong kind of fluid. If brake fluid is spilled on the vehicle’s painted surfaces, the paint finish can be damaged. Be careful not to spill brake fluid on the vehicle. If you do, wash it off immediately. See Exterior Cleaning on page 9-98.
(cid:127)
Brake Wear This vehicle has disc brakes. Disc brake pads have built-in wear indicators that make a high-pitched warning sound when the brake pads are worn and new pads are needed. The sound can come and go or be heard all the time the vehicle is moving, except when applying the brake pedal firmly.
{ CAUTION
The brake wear warning sound means that soon the brakes will not work well. That could lead to an accident. When the brake wear warning sound is heard, have the vehicle serviced.
Vehicle Service and Care
9-27
Notice: Continuing to drive with worn-out brake pads could result in costly brake repair. Some driving conditions or climates can cause a brake squeal when the brakes are first applied or lightly applied. This does not mean something is wrong with the brakes. Properly torqued wheel nuts are necessary to help prevent brake pulsation. When tires are rotated, inspect brake pads for wear and evenly tighten wheel nuts in the proper sequence to torque specifications in Capacities and Specifications on page 10-2. Brake linings should always be replaced as complete axle sets.
Brake Pedal Travel See your dealer/retailer if the brake pedal does not return to normal height, or if there is a rapid increase in pedal travel. This could be a sign that brake service might be required.
Brake Adjustment Every time he brakes are applied, with or without the vehicle moving, the brakes adjust for wear.
Replacing Brake System Parts The braking system on a vehicle is complex. Its many parts have to be of top quality and work well together if the vehicle is to have really good braking.
The vehicle was designed and tested with top-quality brake parts. When parts of the braking system are replaced — for example, when the brake linings wear down and new ones are installed — be sure to get new approved replacement parts. If this is not done, the brakes might not work properly. For example, if someone puts in brake linings that are wrong for the vehicle, the balance between the front and rear brakes can change — for the worse. The braking performance expected can change in many other ways if the wrong replacement brake parts are installed.
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Vehicle Service and Care
Battery This vehicle has a maintenance free battery. When it is time for a new battery, see your dealer/retailer for one that has the replacement number shown on the original battery’s label. The battery is located in the trunk behind a trim panel on the driver’s side. Warning: Battery posts, terminals, and related accessories contain lead and lead compounds, chemicals known to the State of California to cause cancer and reproductive harm. Wash hands after handling.
Headlamp Aiming The optical headlamp aiming system has been preset at the factory and should need no further adjustment However, if the vehicle is damaged adjustment may be necessary. If oncoming vehicles flash their high beams at you, this may also mean the vertical aim needs to be adjusted. It is recommended that the vehicle is taken to your dealer/retailer for service if the headlamps need to be re-aimed. It is possible however, to re-aim the headlamps as described.
Vehicle Storage
{ CAUTION
Batteries have acid that can burn you and gas that can explode. You can be badly hurt if you are not careful. See Jump Starting on page 9-84 for tips on working around a battery without getting hurt.
Infrequent Usage: If the vehicle is driven infrequently, remove the black, negative (−) cable from the battery. This helps keep the battery from running down. Extended Storage: For extended storage of the vehicle, remove the black, negative (−) cable from the battery or use a battery trickle charger. This helps maintain the charge of the battery over an extended period of time.
Vehicle Service and Care
9-29
To adjust the vertical aim on the headlamps: 1. Open the hood. Hood Release
on page 9-5.
2. Locate the aim dot on the lens of
the low-beam headlamp.
3. Record the distance from the ground to the aim dot on the low-beam headlamp.
4. At the wall, measure from the
ground upward (A) to the recorded distance from Step 3
and mark it.5. Draw or tape a horizontal line (B)
on the wall the width of the vehicle at the height of the mark in Step 4.
The vehicle should: (cid:127) Be placed so the headlamps are 25 ft. (7.6 m) from a light colored wall.
(cid:127) Have all four tires on a perfectly
level surface which is level all the way to the wall.
(cid:127) Be placed so it is at a right angle
to the wall.
