2004 Mercedes-benz E Class Owners Manual

왘 Press the KEYLESS-GO* start/stop

button on the gear selector lever once without depressing the brake pedal.

왘 Press I on electric air pump switch 2.

The electric air pump should now switch on and inflate the tire.

왘 Inflate the tire to approx. 51 psi

(3.5 bar). This takes about five minutes for the collapsible tire. Air hose 4 and union nut 5 can become hot duration infla- tion. Exercise proper caution to avoid burning yourself when using the equip- ment.

Do not operate the air pump longer than eight minutes without interrup- tion. Otherwise it may overheat. You may operate the air pump again af- ter it has cooled off.

왘 Press 0 on electric air pump switch 2. 왘 Turn the SmartKey in the ignition to

position 0. or

왘 Press KEYLESS-GO* start/stop button on the gear selector lever twice without depressing the brake pedal. The electric air pump should now be switched off.

왘 If the tire pressure is above 51 psi

(3.5 bar), release excess tire pressure using the vent screw.

Practical hints Flat tire

Warning!

Follow recommend inflation pressures.

Do not overinflate tires. Overinflating tires can result in sudden deflation (blowout) be- cause they are more likely to become punc- tured or damaged by road debris, potholes, etc.

Do not underinflate tires. Underinflated tires wear unevenly, adversely affect handling and fuel economy, and are more likely to fail from being overheated.

왘 Detach the electric air pump. 왘 Stow electrical plug 3 and air hose 4 behind flap 1 and place the air pump back in the trunk.

377

Practical hints Flat tire

Lowering the vehicle 왘 Lower vehicle by turning crank coun-

terclockwise until vehicle is resting ful- ly on its own weight.

왘 Remove the jack.

1 - 5 Wheel bolts 왘 Tighten the five wheel bolts evenly, fol- lowing the diagonal sequence illustrat- ed (1 to 5), until all bolts are tight. Observe a tightening torque of 96 lb-ft (130 Nm).

378

Warning!

Have the tightening torque checked after changing a wheel. The wheels could come loose if they are not tightened to a torque of 96 lb-ft (130 Nm).

왘 Before storing the jack in the trunk, it

should be fully collapsed.

Wrap the damaged wheel in the protec- tive film that comes with the spare wheel and put the wheel in the trunk. You can also place the damaged wheel down into the spare wheel well. In this case, you must stow the holder from the spare wheel well in the trunk. Do not activate the tire inflation pres- sure monitor until the depressurized tire is no longer in the vehicle.

왔 Batteries Your vehicle is equipped with two batter- ies: 앫 Main battery (battery for starter and electrical consumers; located in the trunk).

앫 Auxiliary battery (back-up battery; sta- bilizes the electrical system if the main battery is discharged; located in the en- gine compartment)

The main battery is in the trunk under the luggage box. Remove the luggage box (컄 page 357).

Vehicles with spare wheel 1 Negative terminal 2 Positive terminal

Warning!

Jump starting must only be done using the main battery in the trunk.

Practical hints Batteries

Warning!

Failure to follow these instructions can re- sult in severe injury or death.

Observe all safety instructions and precau- tions when handling automotive batteries (컄 page 288). Never lean over batteries while connecting, you might get injured.

Battery fluid contains sulfuric acid. Do not allow this fluid to come in contact with eyes, skin or clothing. In case it does, immediately flush affected area with water and seek medical help if necessary.

A battery will also produce hydrogen gas, which is flammable and explosive. Keep flames or sparks away from battery, avoid improper connection of jumper cables, smoking etc.

379

Practical hints Batteries

Never loosen or detach battery termi- nal clamps while the engine is running or the SmartKey is in the starter switch. Otherwise the alternator and other electronic components could be se- verely damaged. Have the battery checked regularly by an authorized Mercedes-Benz Center. Refer to Service Booklet for mainte- nance intervals or contact your autho- rized Mercedes-Benz Center for further information.

Warning!

Do not place metal objects on the battery as this could result in a short circuit.

Use leak-proof battery only to avoid the risk of acid burns in the event of an accident.

380

Warning!

Disconnecting the battery

The SBC brake system requires electrical power to operate.

A malfunction in the vehicle’s power supply or electrical system may impair brake sys- tem operation and switch it into its emer- gency operation mode. The same applies if battery is disconnected. To brake, the driver must then apply significantly greater brake pedal pressure and depress the pedal much further to obtain the expected braking ef- fect. If necessary, apply full pressure to the brake pedal. Brakes may only be applied to the front wheels. Stopping distance is in- creased! Adjust your driving style according- ly. For more information, refer to “The SBC brake system” (컄 page 85).

Warning!

With a disconnected battery 앫 you will no longer be able to turn the

SmartKey in the starter switch and pressing the KEYLESS-GO* start/stop button on the gear selector lever will have no effect

앫 the gear selector lever will remain

locked in position P

왘 Depress parking brake firmly or move

gear selector lever to position P. 왘 Turn off all electrical consumers. 왘 Remove SmartKey from starter switch.

Vehicles with KEYLESS-GO*: 왘 Press the start/stop button until

the engine shuts off.

왘 Open the driver’s door.

왘 Open the trunk.

왘 Remove the luggage box (컄 page 357). 왘 Disconnect battery negative lead 1. 왘 Remove cover 2 from the positive ter-

minal.

왘 Disconnect the battery positive lead.

왘 Charge battery in accordance with the

instructions of the battery charger manufacturer.

왘 Reinstall the charged battery. Follow the previously described steps in re- verse order.

Removing the battery

Reconnecting the battery

왘 Remove the screw-nuts securing the

battery.

왘 Remove the battery bracket. 왘 Take out the battery.

왘 Turn off all electrical consumers. 왘 Connect the positive lead and fasten its

cover.

왘 Connect the negative lead.

Charging and reinstalling the battery

Never invert the terminal connections!

Warning!

왘 Install the luggage box (컄 page 357).

Never charge a battery while still installed in the vehicle. Gases may escape during charg- ing and cause explosions that may result in paint damage, corrosion or personal injury.

The battery, its filler caps and the vent tube must always be securely installed when the vehicle is in operation.

Practical hints Batteries

The following procedures must be car- ried out following any interruption of battery power (e.g. due to reconnec- tion): 앫 Set the clock (컄 page 148)

(see COMAND operator’s manual).

앫 Resynchronize the ESP

(컄 page 325).

앫 Resynchronize the side windows

(컄 page 204).

앫 Resynchronize the sliding/pop-up roof* (컄 page 208) or the panora- ma sliding/pop-up roof* (컄 page 213).

Batteries contain materials that can harm the environment if disposed of improperly. Large 12 volt storage batteries contain lead. Recycling of batteries is the preferred method of disposal. Many states require sellers of batteries to accept old batteries for recycling.

381

Practical hints Jump starting 왔 Jump starting

Warning!

Failure to follow these directions will cause damage to the electronic components, and can lead to a battery explosion and severe injury or death.

Never lean over batteries while connecting or jump starting, you might get injured.

Battery fluid contains sulfuric acid. Do not allow this fluid to come in contact with eyes, skin or clothing. In case it does, immediately flush affected area with water, and seek medical help if necessary.

A battery will also produce hydrogen gas, which is flammable and very explosive. Keep flames or sparks away from battery, avoid improper connection of jumper cables, smoking, etc.

Attempting to jump start a frozen battery can result in it exploding, causing personal injury.

Read all instructions before proceeding.

382

If the battery is discharged, the engine can be started with jumper cables and the bat- tery of another vehicle. Observe the follow- ing: 앫 Jump starting should only be performed when the engine and catalytic convert- er are cold.

앫 Do not start the engine if the battery is

frozen. Let the battery thaw out first.

앫 Only jump start from batteries with the same voltage rating (12 V). Jump start- ing with a more powerful battery could damage the vehicle’s electrical system, which will not be covered by the Mercedes-Benz Limited Warranty.

앫 Use only jumper cables with sufficient

cross-section and insulated terminal clamps.

앫 Always make sure the jumper cables

are not on or near pulleys, fans or other parts that move when the engine is started or running.

Jump starting may only be performed on the main battery installed in the trunk. Avoid repeated and lengthy starting at- tempts. Do not attempt to start the engine us- ing a battery quick charge unit. If the engine does not run after several unsuccessful starting attempts, have it checked at the nearest authorized Mercedes-Benz Center. Excessive unburned fuel generated by repeated failed starting attempts may damage the catalytic converter. Make sure the jumper cables do not have loose or missing insulation. Make sure the cable clamps do not touch any other metal part while the other end is still attached to a battery.

Warning!

왘 Make sure the two vehicles do not

touch.

Keep flames or sparks away from battery. Do not smoke.

Observe all safety instructions and precau- tions when handling automotive batteries (컄 page 288).

The battery is located in the trunk under- neath the luggage box (컄 page 357). Only jump start the vehicle from the battery in the trunk.

왘 Turn off all electrical consumers. 왘 Apply parking brake. 왘 Shift gear selector lever to position P. 왘 Connect positive terminals 1 and 3 of the batteries with the jumper cable. Clamp cable to charged battery 3 first.

Never invert the terminal connections!

Practical hints Jump starting

1 Positive terminal of discharged battery 2 Negative terminal of discharged bat-

tery

3 Positive terminal of charged battery 4 Negative terminal of charged battery

383

Practical hints Jump starting

왘 Start engine of the vehicle with the

charged battery and run at idle speed. 왘 Connect negative terminals 4 and 2 of the batteries with the jumper cable. Clamp cable to charged battery 4 first.

왘 Start the engine of the disabled vehi-

cle.

The message Malfunction - electric consumers switched off may appear in the instrument cluster. It will disap- pear as soon as the battery is suffi- ciently charged.

Now you can again turn on the electrical consumers. Do not turn on the lights under any circumstances. 왘 Remove the jumper cables first from

negative terminals 2 and 4 and then from positive terminals 1 and 3.

Now you can turn on the lights. 왘 Have the battery checked at the near- est authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.

Do not tow-start the vehicle.

384

왔 Towing the vehicle Mercedes-Benz recommends that the vehi- cle be transported with all wheels off the ground using flatbed or appropriate wheel lift/dolly equipment. This method is pref- erable to other types of towing.

Use flatbed or wheel lift/dolly equip- ment with SmartKey in starter switch turned to position 0. Do not tow with sling-type equipment. Towing with sling-type equipment over bumpy roads will damage radiator and supports. To prevent damage during transport, do not tie down vehicle by its chassis or suspension parts. Switch off the tow-away alarm and the automatic central locking Do not tow-start the vehicle.

When circumstances do not permit the recommended towing methods, the vehi- cle may be towed with all wheels on the ground or front wheels raised (except vehi- cles with 4MATIC) only so far as necessary to have the vehicle moved to a safe loca- tion where the recommended towing methods can be employed.

Vehicles with 4MATIC: Do not tow with one axle raised. Doing so could damage the transfer case, which is not covered by the Mer- cedes-Benz Limited Warranty. All wheels must be on or off the ground. Observe instructions for towing the ve- hicle with all wheels on the ground.

Practical hints Towing the vehicle

If the vehicle is towed with the front axle raised (not permissible for vehicles with 4MATIC), the engine must be shut off (SmartKey in starter switch position 0 or 1). Otherwise the ESP will immediately be engaged and will apply the rear wheel brakes. When towing the vehicle with all wheels on the ground, the selector lever must be in position N and the SmartKey must be in starter switch position 2. When towing the vehicle with all wheels on the ground or the front axle raised, the vehicle may be towed only for dis- tances up to 30 miles (50 km) and at a speed not to exceed 30 mph (50 km/h).

385

Practical hints Towing the vehicle

To be certain to avoid a possibility of damage to the drive train, however, we recommend the drive shaft be discon- nected at the rear axle drive flange (ve- hicles with 4MATIC: disconnected at the front and rear axle drive flanges) for any towing beyond a short tow to a nearby garage.

386

Warning!

Warning!

If circumstances require towing the vehicle with all wheels on the ground, always tow with a tow bar if: 앫 the engine will not run 앫 there is a malfunction in the SBC brake

system

앫 there is a malfunction in the power sup- ply or in the vehicle’s electrical system as that will be necessary to adequately con- trol the towed vehicle.

Prior to towing the vehicle with all wheels on the ground, make certain that the SmartKey is in starter switch position 2.

If the SmartKey is left in the starter switch position 0 for an extended period of time, it can no longer be turned in the switch. In this case, the steering is locked. To unlock, re- move SmartKey from starter switch and re- insert.

The brake system requires electrical power to operate.

A malfunction in the vehicle’s power supply or electrical system may impair brake sys- tem operation and switch it into its emer- gency operation mode. To brake, the driver must then apply significantly greater brake pedal pressure and depress the pedal much further to obtain the expected braking ef- fect. If necessary, apply full pressure to the brake pedal. Brakes may only be applied to the front wheels. Stopping distance is in- creased! Adapt your driving style according- ly. For more information, refer to “SBC brake system” (컄 page 85). With the engine not running, there is no power assistance for the steering system. In this case, it is important to keep in mind that a considerably higher degree of effort is nec- essary to steer the vehicle. Adapt your driv- ing accordingly.

i To signal turns while being towed with the hazard warning flasher in use, turn SmartKey in starter switch to position 2 and activate the combina- tion switch for the left or right turn sig- nal in the usual manner – only the selected turn signal will operate. Upon canceling the turn signal, the haz- ard warning flasher will operate again.

When towing the vehicle with all wheels on the ground, please note the follow- ing: With the automatic central locking acti- vated and the SmartKey in starter switch position 2, or KEYLESS-GO* start/stop button in position 2, the ve- hicle doors lock if the left front wheel as well as the right rear wheel are turn- ing at vehicle speeds of approximately 9 mph (15 km/h) or more. Switch off the tow-away alarm (컄 page 90). To prevent the vehicle door locks from locking, deactivate the automatic cen- tral locking (컄 page 111). Towing of the vehicle should only be done using the properly installed tow- ing eye bolt. Never attach tow cable, tow rope or tow rod to the vehicle chas- sis, frame or suspension parts.

Practical hints Towing the vehicle

The selector lever will remain locked in position P and the SmartKey will not turn in the starter switch if the battery is disconnected or discharged. See notes on the battery (컄 page 379) or on jump starting (컄 page 382). Manual unlocking transmission selec- tor lever (컄 page 363).

387

Practical hints Towing the vehicle

Installing towing eye bolt

Front of vehicle

The towing eye bolt is supplied with the tool kit (located in the storage compart- ment under the trunk floor). 왘 Screw towing eye bolt in to its stop and

tighten with lug wrench.

To reinstall cover: 왘 Fit cover and snap into place.

Rear of vehicle

To remove cover: 왘 Pull cover in the direction of the arrow. 왘 Fold cover down to reveal threaded

hole for the towing eye bolt.

The towing eye bolt is supplied with the tool kit (located in the storage compart- ment under the trunk floor). 왘 Screw towing eye bolt in to its stop and

tighten with lug wrench.

To reinstall cover: 왘 Fit cover and snap into place.

1 Cover on right side of front bumper To remove cover: 왘 Press mark on cover in direction of ar-

row.

왘 Lift cover off to reveal threaded hole for

towing eye bolt.

2 Cover on right side of rear bumper

388

왔 Fuses

Only install fuses that have been tested and approved by Mercedes-Benz and that have the specified amperage rat- ing. Never attempt to repair or bridge a blown fuse. Have the cause determined and remedied by an authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.

Fuse box in passenger compartment

Practical hints Fuses

Opening 왘 Pull cover 1 open with a screwdriver

or similar tool.

왘 Remove cover 1 rearward.

Fuse chart The fuse chart is found in the fuse box in the passenger compartment. The amper- ages of the fuses are also given there.

Closing 왘 Attach cover 1 in the front. 왘 Fold cover 1 in until it engages.

Spare fuses Spare fuses are found in the vehicle tool kit in the trunk.

Fuse extractor The fuse extractor is found in the vehicle tool kit in the trunk.

Only install fuses that have been tested and approved by Mercedes-Benz and that have the specified amperage rat- ing. Never attempt to repair or bridge a blown fuse. Have the cause determined and remedied by an authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.

389

1 Cover

2 Cover 3 Catches 왘 Turn catches 3 counter-clockwise

and remove cover 2.

390

Technical data Spare parts service

Warranty coverage

Identification labels

Layout of poly-V-belt drive

Engine

Rims and tires

Electrical system

Main dimensions

Weights

Fuels, coolants, lubricants etc.

Consumer information

391

Technical data Spare parts service

The “Technical data” section provides the necessary technical data for your vehicle.

The use of non-genuine Mercedes-Benz parts and accessories not authorized by Mercedes-Benz could damage the vehicle, which is not covered by the Mercedes-Benz Limited Warranty, or could compromise the vehicle’s dura- bility or safety.

왔

Spare parts service

All authorized Mercedes-Benz Centers maintain a stock of genuine Mercedes-Benz parts required for mainte- nance and repair work. In addition, strate- gically located parts distribution centers provide quick and reliable parts service. More than 300 000 different spare parts for Mercedes-Benz models are available. Genuine Mercedes-Benz parts are subject- ed to stringent quality inspections. Each part has been specifically developed, man- ufactured or selected for and adapted to Mercedes-Benz vehicles. Therefore, genuine Mercedes-Benz parts should be installed.

392

Technical data Warranty coverage

Replacement parts and accessories are covered by the Mercedes-Benz Spare Parts and Accessories Warranties, copies of which are available at any authorized Mer- cedes-Benz Center.

Loss of Service and Warranty Information Booklet

Should you lose your Service and Warranty Information Booklet, have your authorized Mercedes-Benz Center arrange for a re- placement. It will be mailed to you.

왔 Warranty coverage Your vehicle is covered under the terms of the warranties printed in the Service and Warranty Information Booklet. Your authorized Mercedes-Benz Center will ex- change or repair any defective parts origi- nally installed in the vehicle in accordance with the terms of the following warranties: 앫 New Car Limited Warranty 앫 Emission System Warranty 앫 Emission Performance Warranty 앫 California, Maine, Massachusetts, and

Vermont Emission Control System Warranty

393

Technical data Identification labels 왔 Identification labels

1 Certification label

2 Vehicle Identification Number (VIN)

3 Information label, California version Vacuum line routing for emission con- trol system

4 Engine number (engraved on engine) 5 Emission control label When ordering spare parts, please specify vehicle identification and engine numbers.

394

왔 Layout of poly-V-belt drive E 320/E 500

E 55 AMG

Technical data Layout of poly-V-belt drive

1 Automatic belt tensioner 2 Power steering pump 3 Air conditioning compressor 4 Crankshaft 5 Coolant pump 6 Generator (alternator) 7 Idler pulley

The E 55 AMG has two poly-V-belts (belt one shown in purple/belt two shown in black). 1 Idler pulley 2 Automatic belt tensioner 3 Power steering pump 4 Air conditioning compressor 5 Crankshaft 6 Coolant pump 7 Generator (alternator) 8 Idler pulley 9 Automatic belt tensioner a Super charger

395

E 320 (211.0651) E 320 4MATIC (211.0821) 112
4-stroke engine, gasoline injection 3.54 in (89.90 mm) 3.31 in (84.00 mm) 195.2 cu.in. (3199 cm3) 10:1
221 hp/5600 rpm (165 kW/5600 rpm) 232 lb-ft/3000 rpm - 4800 rpm (315 Nm/3000 rpm - 4800 rpm) 6000 rpm 1-4-3-6-2-5
2390 mm

E 500 (211.0701) E 500 4MATIC (211.0831) 113
4-stroke engine, gasoline injection 3.82 in (97.00 mm) 3.31 in (84.00 mm) 303.0 cu.in. (4966 cm3) 10:1
302 hp/5600 rpm (225 kW/5600 rpm) 339 lb-ft/2700 rpm - 4250 rpm (460 Nm/2700 rpm - 4250 rpm) 6000 rpm 1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8
2390 mm

Maximum engine speed Firing order Poly-V-belt 1 The quoted data apply only to the standard vehicle. See an authorized Mercedes-Benz Center for the corresponding data of all special bodies and special equipment.

Technical data Engine 왔 Engine Model

Engine Mode of operation No. of cylinders Bore Stroke Total piston displacement Compression ratio Output acc. to SAE J 1349

Maximum torque acc. to SAE J 1349

396

Model Engine Mode of operation No. of cylinders Bore Stroke Total piston displacement Compression ratio Output acc. to SAE J 1349

Maximum torque acc. to SAE J 1349

Maximum engine speed Firing order Poly-V-belts

E 55 AMG (211.0761) 113
4-stroke engine, gasoline injection 3.82 in (97.00 mm) 3.60 in (92.00 mm) 331.8 cu.in. (5439 cm3) 9:1
469 hp/6100 rpm (350 kW/6100 rpm) 516 lb-ft/2650 rpm (700 Nm/2650 rpm - 4500 rpm) 6500 rpm 1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8
Belt one: 1289 mm Belt two: 2449 mm

1 The quoted data apply only to the standard vehicle. See an authorized Mercedes-Benz Center for the corre-

sponding data of all special bodies and special equipment.

Technical data Engine

397

i Further information on tires and rims is available at any authorized Mercedes-Benz Center. A tire inflation pressure table is located on the fuel fill- er flap of the vehicle. The tire pressure should be checked regularly and should only be adjusted on cold tires. Follow the tire manufacturer’s mainte- nance recommendation included with the vehicle.

Technical data Rims and tires 왔 Rims and tires Use only tires and rims which have been specifically developed for your vehicle and tested and approved by Mercedes-Benz. Other tires and rims can have detrimental effects, such as: 앫 Poor handling characteristics 앫 Increased noise 앫 Increased fuel consumption

Moreover, tires and rims not approved by Mercedes-Benz may, under load, ex- hibit dimensional variations and differ- ent tire deformation characteristics that could cause them to come into contact with the vehicle body or axle parts. This may result in damage to the tires or the vehicle.

398

Technical data Rims and tires

Same size tires

16’’ tires

Rims (light alloy) Wheel offset Summer tires (radial-ply tires) All-season tires (radial-ply tires) Winter tires (radial-ply tires)

E 320/E 320 4MATIC 8 J x 16
1.4 in (36 mm) 225/55 R16 95H M+S

17’’ tires

E 320/E 500
(Appearance Package*)

E 500/E 500 4MATIC

Rims (light alloy) Wheel offset Summer tires (radial-ply tires) All-season tires (radial-ply tires) Winter tires (radial-ply tires)

8 J x 17
1.5 in (38 mm) 245/45 R17 95W 245/45 R17 95H M+S

8 J x 17
1.5 in (38 mm) 245/45 R17 95H M+S 245/45 R17 95H M+S

E 320 4MATIC E 500 4MATIC (Appearance Package*) 8 J x 17
1.5 in (38 mm) 245/45 R17 95H M+S 245/45 R17 95H M+S

399

Technical data Rims and tires

18’’ tires

E 55 AMG

AMG light alloy rims Wheel offset Summer tires (radial-ply tires)

8 J x 18
1.18 in (30 mm)

All-season tires (radial-ply tires) Winter tires (radial-ply tires)

245/40 R18 93H M+S or 245/40 R18 97V XL or Extra Load M+S

E 320 4MATIC (Sport Package*) E 500 4MATIC (Sport Package*) 8 J x 18
1.18 in (30 mm) 245/40 ZR18
or 245/40 R18 97Y XL or Extra Load or 245/40 ZR18 97Y XL or Extra Load

400

Mixed size tires

Front axle: AMG light alloy rims

Rear axle:

Wheel offset Summer tires (radial-ply tires) AMG light alloy rims Wheel offset Summer tires (radial-ply tires)

1 Must not be used with snow chains

E 55 AMG E 320 (Sport Package*) E 500 (Sport Package*) 8 J x 18
1.18 in (30 mm) 245/40 ZR18
9 J x 18
1.54 in (39 mm) 265/35 ZR18 XL or Extra Load M01

Technical data Rims and tires

401

Technical data Rims and tires

Spare wheel

Minispare wheel (except E 55 AMG)

Collapsible tire (E 55 AMG only)

4 J x 17

Rim Wheel offset 1.34 (34 mm) Tire 1 Must not be used with snow chains.

T 155/70 R17 110 M1

6 B x 18

Rim Wheel offset 0.98 (25 mm) Tire 1 Must not be used with snow chains.

175/55-18 95P1

Please note that the tire pressure of the Minispare and the collapsible tire dif- fers from the tire pressure of the road tires. Make sure the Minispare wheel is in- flated to approx. 61 psi (4.2 bar). Inflate the collapsible tire (컄 page 376) to approximately 51 psi (3.5 bar).

402

왔 Electrical system Model Generator (alternator) Starter motor Battery (auxiliary) Battery (main) Spark plugs

Electrode gap Tightening torque

Technical data Electrical system

E 320/E 320 4MATIC 14 V/150 A 14 V/1.4 kW 12 V/12 Ah 12 V/95 Ah Bosch F8 DPP 332U NGK PFR 5R-11
0.039 in (1.00 mm) 18.5 - 22 lb-ft (25 - 30 Nm)

E 500/E 500 4MATIC 14 V/150 A 14 V/1.7 kW 12 V/12 Ah 12 V/95 Ah Bosch F8 DPP 332U NGK PFR 5R-11
0.039 in (1.00 mm) 18.5 - 22 lb-ft (25 - 30 Nm)

E 55 AMG 14 V/180 A 14 V/1.7 kW 12 V/12 Ah 12 V/95 Ah NGK IL FR 6 A

0.031 in (0.8 mm) 18.5 - 22 lb-ft (25 - 30 Nm)

403

Technical data Main dimensions 왔 Main dimensions Model Overall vehicle length Overall vehicle width Overall vehicle height Overall vehicle height (Airmatic DC*) (optional on E320; standard on E500/E55 AMG) Wheelbase Track, front Track, rear

E 320/E 320 4MATIC 190.3 in (4833 mm) 71.7 in (1822 mm) 57.1 in (1449 mm) 56.2 in (1429 mm)

E 500/E 500 4MATIC 190.3 in (4833 mm) 71.7 in (1822 mm)

E 55 AMG 190.9 in (4849 mm) 71.7 in (1822 mm)

56.3 in (1431 mm)

55.6 in (1412 mm)

112.4 in (2854 mm) 61.4 in (1559 mm) 61.1 in (1552 mm)

112.4 in (2854 mm) 61.7 in (1567 mm) 61.4 in (1560 mm)

112.4 in (2854 mm) 62.3 in (1583 mm) 61.3 in (1558 mm)

404

왔 Weights Roof load max. Trunk load max.

220 lbs (100 kg) 220 lbs (100 kg)

Technical data Weights

405

Technical data Fuels, coolants, lubricants etc. 왔 Fuels, coolants, lubricants etc. Capacities

Vehicle components and their respective lubricants must match. Therefore use only brands tested and approved by us.

Please refer to the Factory Approved Ser- vice Products Pamphlet, or inquire at your authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.

Engine with oil filter

Automatic transmission Front axle

Rear axle

Transfer case

Model E 320 / E 320 4MATIC E 500 / E 500 4MATIC E 55 AMG

E 320 4MATIC / E 500 4MATIC E 320 / E 320 4MATIC E 500 / E 500 4MATIC/ E 55 AMG E 320 4MATIC / E 500 4MATIC

Capacity 8.5 US qt (8.0 l) 8.0 US qt (7.5 l) 9.0 US qt (8.5 l) 8.0 US qt (7.5 l) 0.63 US qt (0.6 l)

1.06 US qt (1 l) 1.37 US qt (1.3 l)

Fuels, coolants, lubricants etc. Approved engine oils

MB Automatic Transmission Oil Hypoid gear oil SAE 85 W 90

Hypoid gear oil SAE 85 W 90

0.62 US qt (0.585 l)

MB Transfer Case Fluid

406

Technical data Fuels, coolants, lubricants etc.

Model

E 320 / E 320 4MATIC E 500 / E 500 4MATIC E 55 AMG

Power steering Front wheel hubs Brake system Cooling system

Fuel tank including a reserve of

Fuels, coolants, lubricants etc. MB Power Steering Fluid (Pentosin CHF 11S)

Capacity approx. 1.1 US qt (1 l) approx. 3.0 oz (85 g) each High temperature roller bearing grease 1.1 US qt (1.05 l) 10.7 US qt (10 l) 11.9 US qt (11.3 l) 13.8 US qt (13.2 l) 21.12 US gal (80.0 l) 2.38 US gal (9.0 l)

MB Brake Fluid (DOT 4+) MB 325.0 Anticorrosion/Antifreeze

Premium unleaded gasoline: Posted Octane 91 (Avg. of 96 RON/86 MON)

407

Technical data Fuels, coolants, lubricants etc.

Air conditioning system

Model

Capacity

Windshield washer Windshield washer and headlamp cleaning system 1 Use MB Windshield Washer Concentrate “S” and water for temperatures above freezing or MB Windshield Washer Concentrate “S” and commercially available pre-

4.8 US qt (4.5 l) 7.4 US qt (7.0 l)

mixed windshield washer solvent/antifreeze for temperatures below freezing point. Follow suggested mixing ratios (컄 page 413).

Fuels, coolants, lubricants etc. R-134a refrigerant and special PAG lu- bricant oil (never R-12) MB Windshield Washer Concentrate1
MB Windshield Washer Concentrate1

408

Engine oils

Engine oils are specifically tested for their suitability in our engines. Therefore, use only engine oils recommended by Mercedes-Benz. Information on recom- mended brands is available in the Factory Approved Service Products Pamphlet, or at your authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.

Always check the oil filler cap (컄 page 287) for important information pertaining to the engine oil needing to meet a specific Mercedes-Benz specifi- cation (e.g. MB 229.5). If such informa- tion is printed on the oil filler cap, only use an engine oil from the list of ap- proved engine oils in the Factory Ap- proved Service Products pamphlet that meets the specification indicated on the oil filler cap.

Using engine oils of other specification may cause the FSS to incorrectly deter- mine the next service interval and will result in engine damage not covered by the Mercedes-Benz Limited Warranty.

Please follow FSS recommendations for scheduled oil changes. Failure to do so could result in engine damage not covered by the Mercedes-Benz Limited Warranty.

Engine oil additives

Do not blend oil additives with engine oil. They may damage the engine. Damage or malfunctions resulting from blending oil additives are not covered by the Mercedes-Benz Limited Warranty.

Air conditioning refrigerant

R-134a (HFC) refrigerant and special PAG lubricating oil is used in the air condition- ing system.

Technical data Fuels, coolants, lubricants etc.

Never use R-12 (CFC) or mineral-based lu- bricating oil. Otherwise damage to the system will occur.

Brake fluid

During vehicle operation, the boiling point of the brake fluid is continuously reduced through the absorption of moisture from the atmosphere. Under extremely strenu- ous operating conditions, this moisture content can lead to the formation of bub- bles in the system, thus reducing the sys- tem’s efficiency. Therefore, the brake fluid must be re- placed every two years, preferably in the spring. Only brake fluid approved by Mercedes-Benz is recommended. Your au- thorized Mercedes-Benz Center will pro- vide you with additional information.

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Technical data Fuels, coolants, lubricants etc.

Premium unleaded gasoline

Fuel requirements

Gasoline additives

To maintain the engine’s durability and performance, premium unleaded gaso- line must be used. If premium unleaded gasoline is not available and low octane fuel is used, follow these precautions: 앫 Have the fuel tank only partially

filled with unleaded regular and fill up with premium unleaded as soon as possible

앫 Avoid full throttle driving and abrupt

acceleration

앫 Do not exceed an engine speed of 3000 rpm if the vehicle is loaded with a light load such as two per- sons and no luggage

앫 Do not exceed 2/3 of maximum ac- celerator pedal position if the vehi- cle is fully loaded or operating in mountainous terrain

Use only premium unleaded gasoline meeting ASTM standard D 439: 앫 The octane number (posted at the

pump) must be 91 min. It is an average of both the Research (R) Octane Num- ber and the Motor (M) Octane Number: (R+M)/2). This is also known as the ANTI-KNOCK INDEX.

Unleaded gasoline containing oxygenates such as Ethanol, IPA, IBA and TBA can be used provided the ratio of any one of these oxygenates to gasoline does not exceed 10%; MTBE must not exceed 15%. The ratio of Methanol to gasoline must not exceed 3% plus additional cosolvents. Using mixtures of Ethanol and Methanol is not allowed. Gasohol, which contains 10% Ethanol and 90% unleaded gasoline, can be used. These blends must also meet all other fuel requirements, such as resistance to spark knock, boiling range, vapor pressure, etc.

A major concern among engine manufac- turers is carbon build-up caused by gaso- line. Mercedes-Benz recommends only the use of quality gasoline containing additives that prevent the build-up of carbon depos- its. After an extended period of using fuels without such additives, carbon deposits can build up especially on the intake valves and in the combustion area, leading to en- gine performance problems such as: 앫 Warm-up hesitation 앫 Unstable idle 앫 Knocking/pinging 앫 Misfire 앫 Power loss Do not blend any specific fuel additives with fuel. This only results in unnecessary costs and may be harmful to the engine op- eration.

410

Damage or malfunctions resulting from poor fuel quality or from blending specific fuel additives are not covered by the Mercedes-Benz Limited Warranty.

Coolants

The engine coolant is a mixture of water and anticorrosion/antifreeze, which pro- vides: 앫 Corrosion protection 앫 Freeze protection 앫 Boiling protection (by increasing the

boiling point)

The cooling system was filled at the factory with a coolant providing freeze protection to approximately -22°F (-30°C) and corro- sion protection.

If the antifreeze mixture is effective to -22°F (-30°C), the boiling point of the cool- ant in the pressurized cooling system is reached at approximately 266°F (130°C). The coolant solution must be used year-round to provide the necessary corro- sion protection and increase boil-over pro- tection. Refer to Service Booklet for replacement interval Coolant system design and coolant used stipulate the replacement interval. The re- placement interval published in the Ser- vice Booklet is only applicable if MB 325.0 anticorrosion/antifreeze solution or other Mercedes-Benz approved products of equal specification (see Factory Approved Service Products pamphlet) are used to re- new the coolant concentration or bring it back up to the proper level.

Technical data Fuels, coolants, lubricants etc.

To provide important corrosion protection, the solution must be at least 45% anticorrosion/antifreeze [equivalent to freeze protection to approximately - 22°F (-30°C)]. If you use a solution that is more than 55% anticorrosion/antifreeze [freeze protection to approximately - 49°F (-45°C)], the engine temperature will in- crease due to the lower heat transfer capa- bility of the solution. Therefore, do not use more than this amount of anticorrosion/antifreeze.

411

Technical data Fuels, coolants, lubricants etc.

If the coolant level is low, water and MB Anticorrosion/Antifreeze should be used to bring it up to the proper level (have cool- ing system checked for signs of leakage). Please make sure the mixture is in accor- dance with label instructions. The water in the cooling system must meet minimum requirements, which are usually satisfied by normal drinking water. If you are not sure about the water quality, con- sult your authorized Mercedes-Benz Center.

Anticorrosion/antifreeze quantity

Anticorrosion/antifreeze Your vehicle contains a number of alumi- num parts. The use of aluminum compo- nents in motor vehicle engines necessitates that anticorrosion/antifreeze coolant used in such engines be specifically formulated to protect the aluminum parts. (Failure to use such anticorrosion/antifreeze coolant will result in a significantly shortened service life.)

Therefore, the following product is strongly recommended for use in your vehicle: Mercedes-Benz 325.0 Anticorrosion/Antifreeze Agent. Before the start of the winter season (or once a year in hot southern regions), you should have the anticorrosion/antifreeze concentration checked. The coolant is also regularly checked each time you bring your vehicle to your authorized Mercedes-Benz Center for service.

Model

E 320/E 320 4MATIC E 500 /E 500 4MATIC E 55 AMG

Approx. freeze protection – 35°F (– 37°C) 5.3 US qt (5.0 l) 6.0 US qt (5.65 l) 7.0 US qt (6.6 l)

– 49°F (– 45°C) 5.9 US qt (5.5 l) 6.6 US qt (6.2 l) 7.7 US qt (7.3 l)

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Windshield and headlamp washer system

Both the windshield and headlamp washer systems are supplied from the windshield washer fluid reservoir. The washer fluid reservoir has a capacity of approximately: 앫 7.4 US qt. (7 l) in vehicles with a head- lamp cleaning system* or heated reser- voir

앫 4.8 US qt. (4.5 l) in vehicles without a

headlamp cleaning system

왘 Refill the reservoir with MB Windshield Washer Concentrate and water (or con- centrate and commercially available premixed windshield washer solvent/antifreeze, depending on am- bient temperatures).

Warning

Washer solvent/antifreeze is highly flam- mable. Do not spill washer solvent/antifreeze on hot engine parts, be- cause it may ignite and burn. You can be se- riously burned.

Technical data Fuels, coolants, lubricants etc.

Windshield and headlamp washer fluid mixing ratio For temperatures above “freezing point”, use MB Windshield Washer Concentrate “S” and water: 앫 1 part “S” to 100 parts water [40 ml “S” to 1 gallon (4 liters) water]. For temperatures below “freezing point” use MB Windshield Washer Concentrate “S” and commercially available premixed windshield washer solvent / antifreeze: 앫 1 part “S” to 100 parts solvent [40 ml “S” to 1 gallon (4 liters) solvent].

413

Tread wear The tread wear grade is a comparative rat- ing based on the wear rate of the tire when tested under controlled conditions on a specified government test course. For ex- ample, a tire graded 150 would wear one and one-half (1½) times as well on the gov- ernment course as a tire graded 100. The relative performance of tires depends upon the actual conditions of their use, however, and may depart significantly from the norm due to variations in driving habits, service practices and differences in road characteristics and climate.

Traction The traction grades, from highest to low- est, are AA, A, B, and C. Those grades rep- resent the tire’s ability to stop on wet pavement as measured under controlled conditions on specified government test surfaces of asphalt and concrete. A tire marked C may have poor traction perfor- mance.

Warning

The traction grade assigned to this tire is based on straight ahead braking traction tests, and does not include acceleration, cornering, hydroplaning, or peak traction characteristics.

Technical data Consumer information 왔 Consumer information The following text is published as required of all manufacturers of passenger cars un- der Title 49, Code of U.S. Federal Regula- tions, Part 575 pursuant to the “National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966”.

Uniform tire quality grading

Quality grades can be found, where appli- cable, on the tire sidewall between tread shoulder and maximum section width. For example:

Tread wear Traction 200

AA

Temperature

All passenger car tires must conform to federal safety requirements in addition to these grades.

414

Warning

The temperature grade for this tire is estab- lished for a tire that is properly inflated and not overloaded. Excessive speed, underin- flation, or excessive loading, either sepa- rately or in combination, can cause excessive heat build-up and possible tire failure.

Temperature The temperature grades are A (the high- est), B, and C, representing the tire’s resis- tance to the generation of heat and its ability to dissipate heat when tested under controlled conditions on a specified indoor laboratory test wheel. Sustained high tem- perature can cause the material of the tire to degenerate and reduce tire life, and ex- cessive temperature can lead to sudden tire failure. Grade C corresponds to a level of performance which all passenger car tires must meet under the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 109. Grades B and A represent higher levels of perfor- mance on the laboratory test wheel than the minimum required by law.

Technical data Consumer information

415

416

Technical terms

ABS

(Antilock Brake System) Prevents the wheels from locking up during braking so that the vehicle can continue to be steered.

ADS

(Adaptive Damping System) Automatically adapts the optimum sus- pension damping to prevailing driving conditions.

Airmatic DC

(Airmatic Dual Control) Automatically selects the optimum sus- pension tuning and ride height for your vehicle. Airmatic consists of two com- ponents: 앫 Adaptive Damping System 앫 Vehicle level control

Alignment bolt

Metal pin with thread. The centering pin is an aid used when changing a tire to align the wheel with the wheel hub.

BAS

(Brake Assist System) System for potentially reducing braking distances in emergency braking situa- tions. The system is activated when it senses an emergency based on how fast the brake is applied.

Bi-Xenon headlamps*

Headlamps which use an electric arc as a light source and produce a more in- tense light than filament headlamps. Bi-Xenon headlamps produce low beam and high beam.

CAC

(Customer Assistance Center) Mercedes-Benz customer service cen- ter which can help you with any ques- tions about your vehicle and provide assistance in the event of a break- down.

CAN system

(Controller Area Network) Data bus network serving to control ve- hicle functions such as door locking or windshield wiping.

Cockpit

All instruments, switches, buttons and indicator/warning lamps in the passen- ger compartment needed for vehicle operation and monitoring.

COMAND

(Cockpit Management and Data Sys- tem) Information and operating center for vehicle sound and communications systems, including the radio and navi- gation system, as well as other optional equipment (CD changer, telephone, etc.).

417

Technical terms

Control system

The control system is used to call up vehicle information and to change component settings. Information and messages appear in the multifunction display. The driver uses the buttons on the multifunction steering wheel to navigate through the system and to ad- just settings. Cruise control

Driving convenience system for auto- matically maintaining the vehicle speed set by the driver.

418

Distronic*

Engine oil viscosity

A driving convenience cruise control system which helps the driver maintain a pre-selected speed: 앫 If there is no vehicle directly ahead,

the system operates in the same way as conventional ->cruise con- trol.

앫 If a slower moving vehicle is ahead,

Distronic will reduce your vehicle speed to the extent permitted by re- duced throttle and up to 20% brak- ing power to maintain the preset minimum following distance.

DTR

(->Distronic*) Engine number

The number set by the manufacturer and placed on the cylinder block to uniquely identify each engine pro- duced.

Measurement for the inner friction (vis- cosity) of the oil at different tempera- tures. The higher the temperature an oil can tolerate without becoming thin, or the lower the temperature it can tol- erate without becoming viscous, the better the viscosity.

ESP

(Electronic Stability Program) Improves vehicle handling and direc- tional stability.

ETD

(Emergency Tensioning Device) Device which deploys in certain frontal and rear collisions exceeding the sys- tem's threshold to tighten the seat belts. ->SRS FSS PLUS

(Flexible Service System PLUS) Service indicator in the multifunction display that informs the driver when the next vehicle maintenance service is due.

Technical terms

Gear range

Kickdown

MON

Number of gears which are available to the automatic transmission for shifting. The automatic gear shifting process can be adapted to specific operating conditions using the selector lever.

GPS

Depressing the accelerator past the point of resistance shifts the transmis- sion down to the lowest possible gear. This very quickly accelerates the vehi- cle and should not be used for normal acceleration needs.

(Global Positioning System) Satellite-based system for relaying geographic location information to and from vehicles equipped with special re- ceivers. Employs DVD digital maps for navigation.

Lock button

Button on the door which indicates whether the door is locked or un- locked. Pushing the lock button down on an individual door from inside will lock that door.

Instrument cluster

Memory function*

The displays and indicator/warning lamps in the driver’s field of vision, in- cluding the tachometer, speedometer and fuel gauge.

Used to store three individual seat, steering wheel and exterior mirror posi- tions for each SmartKey.

(Motor Octane Number) The Motor Octane Number for gasoline as determined by a standardized meth- od. It is an indication of a gasoline's ability to resist undesired detonation (knocking). The average of both the MON (Motor Octane Number) and ->RON (Research Octane Number) is posted at the pump, also known as ANTI-KNOCK INDEX.

419

Technical terms

Multifunction display

Power train

The display field in the instrument clus- ter used to present information provid- ed by the control system.

Multifunction steering wheel

Steering wheel with buttons for operat- ing the control system.

Overspeed range

Engine speeds within the red marking on the tachometer dial. Avoid this en- gine speed range, as it may result in se- rious engine damage that is not covered by the Mercedes-Benz Limited Warranty.

Poly-V-belt drive

Drives engine-components (alternator, AC compressor, etc.) from the engine.

Collective term designating all compo- nents used to generate and transmit motive power to the drive axles, includ- ing: 앫 Engine 앫 Clutch/torque converter 앫 Transmission 앫 Transfer case* 앫 Drive shaft 앫 Axle shafts/axles

Program mode selector switch

Used to switch the automatic transmis- sion between standard operation S and operation C. E 55 AMG with steering wheel gearshift control and manual shift program: in addition to S and C (for sporty S or comfortable C operation), you can use M for manual shift program.

Remote Vehicle Diagnostics

Transmission of vehicle data and cur- rent location to the Mercedes-Benz Customer Assistance Center for sub- scribers to the Tele Aid service.

Restraint systems

Seat belts, belt tensioners, air bags and child restraint systems. As indepen- dent systems, their protective func- tions complement one another.

RON

(Research Octane Number) The Research Octane Number for gaso- line as determined by a standardized method. It is an indication of a gaso- line's ability to resist undesired detona- tion (knocking). The average of both the ->MON (Motor Octane Number) and RON (Research Octane Number) is posted at the pump, also known as ANTI-KNOCK INDEX.

420

Technical terms

SBC

(Sensotronic Brake Control) Electronically controlled hydraulic braking system for increased braking safety and comfort.

Shift lock

When the vehicle is parked, this lock prevents the transmission selector le- ver from being moved out of position P without the ignition or engine on and brake pedal depressed.

SRS

(Supplemental Restraint System) Seat belts, emergency tensioning de- vice and air bags. Though independent systems, they are closely interfaced to provide effective occupant protection.

Tele Aid System

(Telematic Alarm Identification on De- mand) The Tele Aid system consists of three types of response: automatic and man- ual emergency, roadside assistance and information. Tele Aid is initially ac- tivated by completing a subscriber agreement and placing an acquain- tance call. The Tele Aid system is operational pro- vided that the vehicle’s battery is charged, properly connected, not dam- aged and cellular and GPS coverage is available. Telematics*

A combination of the terms “telecom- munications” and “informatics”.

Tightening torque

Force times lever arm (e.g. a lug wrench) with which threaded fasteners such as wheel bolts are tightened.

Tire speed rating

Part of a tire designation; indicates the speed range for which a tire is ap- proved.

Traction

Force exerted by the vehicle on the road via the tires. Vehicle level control

The ground clearance of the vehicle is automatically controlled according to a selected setting and speed.The driver can set the ground clearance manually for example on very rough roads.

VIN

(Vehicle Identification Number) The number set by the manufacturer and placed on the body to uniquely identify each vehicle produced.

Voice control system*

Voice control system for car phones, portable cell phones and audio sys- tems (radio, CD, etc.).

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422

A ABS 80, 417

ABS control 81
Malfunction indicator lamp 312
Messages in display 322
Warning lamp 312

Accelerator position, automatic

transmission 168

Accident

In case of 50

Activating

Air conditioning (cooling) 186, 198
Air recirculation mode 184, 195
Anti-theft alarm system 89
Automatic climate control 190
Central locking (control system) 154
Charcoal filter 196
Climate control 180
Defrosting 183
Distance warning function* 227
Distronic* 223

Easy-entry/exit feature* 155
ESP 85
Exterior headlamps 46
Exterior lamps 125
Front fog lamps 126
Hazard warning flasher 128
Headlamps 46
High beams 127
Ignition 31
Ignition with KEYLESS-GO* 33
Immobilizer 53, 89
Rear fog lamp 126, 127
Rear window defroster 177
Residual heat 186, 198
Seat heater* 119
Tow-away alarm 90
Windshield wipers 48

Adding

Engine oil 286

Additional turn signal 365
Adjustable air vents, rear passenger

compartment 199

Index

Adjusting 34

Air distribution 182, 193
Air volume 182, 183, 194
Backrest tilt 35
Exterior rear view mirror 38
Head restraint height 36
Head restraint tilt 36
Instrument cluster illumination 131
Interior rear view mirror 37
Mirrors 37
Multicontour seat* 116
Seat cushion depth 117
Seat cushion tilt 35
Seat fore and aft adjustment 35
Seat height 35
Seats 34
Steering column height 37
Steering wheel 36

Adjusting steering column in or out 37
Adjusting steering column up or down 37
Adjusting the dynamic seat 157

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Index

Air conditioning (cooling) Turning off 186, 198
Turning on 186, 198

Air distribution

Adjusting 182, 193

Air pressure see Tire inflation

pressure 292

Air pump, electric 377
Air recirculation mode 184, 194

Activating 184, 195
Deactivating 185, 195

Air vents, rear passenger compartment

Adjustable 199

Air volume

Adjusting 182, 183, 194

Airbags 57

Children 58
Front 61
Passenger 61
Safety guidelines 60
Side impact 62
Window curtain 62

Airmatic DC (Dual Control)* 230
Alarm

At the gas station 280
AUDIO menu 139

Audible 79, 90
Canceling 90
Visual 89
Alarm system

Anti-theft 89

Selecting radio station 139
Selecting satellite radio* station 140

Audio system

CD mode 140

Automatic antiglare for rear view

Alignment bolt (vehicle tool kit) 358,

mirror 172

374, 417

Antiglare

Automatic 172

Antilock brake system (ABS) 417
Anti-theft alarm system

Arming 89
Canceling alarm 90
Disarming 90

Anti-theft systems 89

Anti-theft alarm system 89
Immobilizer 89
Tow-away alarm 90

Aquaplaning see Hydroplaning 273
Ashtray 249

Automatic central locking

Activating/deactivating (control system) 154

Automatic climate control

Temperature sensor 27

Automatic climate control* 188
Adjusting air distribution 193
Adjusting air volume 183, 194
Air recirculation mode 194
Defrosting 194
Rear window defroster 177
Residual heat utilization 198