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ers, lighting, etc. are used more often. Moreover, the capacity of the battery decreases as the temperature drops. In very cold weather, a poorly charged bat- tery can freeze and be damaged. It is there- fore advisable to check the state of charge more frequently and spray an anti-rust oil on the battery posts.
• Volvo recommends the use of snow tires on all four wheels for winter driving, see page 239.
• To prevent the washer fluid reservoir from freezing, add washer solvents containing antifreeze. This is important since dirt is often splashed on the windshield during winter driving, requiring the frequent use of the washers and wipers. Volvo Washer Solvent should be diluted as follows: Down to 14 °F (–10 °C): 1 part washer solvent and
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Driving recommendations
4 parts water Down to 5 °F (–15 °C): 1 part washer solvent and 3 parts water Down to 0 °F (–18 °C): 1 part washer solvent and 2 parts water Down to –18 °F (–28 °C): 1 part washer solvent and 1 part water.
• Use Volvo Teflon Lock Spray in the locks. • Avoid using de-icing sprays as they can
cause damage to the locks.
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Refueling
Fuel requirements
Deposit control gasoline (detergent additives) Volvo recommends the use of detergent gas- oline to control engine deposits. Detergent gasoline is effective in keeping injectors and intake valves clean. Consistent use of deposit control gasolines will help ensure good driva- bility and fuel economy. If you are not sure whether the gasoline contains deposit control additives, check with the service station oper- ator.
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NOTE
Volvo does not recommend the use of exter- nal fuel injector cleaning systems.
Unleaded fuel Each Volvo has a three-way catalytic converter and must use only unleaded gasoline. U.S. and Canadian regulations require that pumps deliv- ering unleaded gasoline be labelled "UNLEA- DED". Only these pumps have nozzles which fit your vehicle's filler inlet. It is unlawful to dis- pense leaded fuel into a vehicle labelled "unleaded gasoline only". Leaded gasoline damages the three-way catalytic converter and the heated oxygen sensor system. Repeated use of leaded gasoline will lessen the effective-
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sonal air quality standards, some areas require the use of "oxygenated" fuel. Volvo allows the use of the following "oxygen- ated" fuels; however, the octane ratings listed on page 207 must still be met. Alcohol – Ethanol Fuels containing up to 10% ethanol by volume may be used. Ethanol may also be referred to as Ethyl alcohol, or "Gasohol". Ethers – MTBE: Fuels containing up to 15% MTBE may be used.
Methanol Do not use gasolines containing methanol (methyl alcohol, wood alcohol). This practice can result in vehicle performance deterioration and can damage critical parts in the fuel sys- tem. Such damage may not be covered under the New Vehicle Limited Warranty.
ness of the emission control system and could result in loss of emission warranty coverage. State and local vehicle inspection programs will make detection of misfueling easier, pos- sibly resulting in emission test failure for mis- fueled vehicles.
NOTE
Some U.S. and Canadian gasolines contain an octane enhancing additive called methyl- cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT). If such fuels are used, your Emission Control System performance may be affec- ted, and the Check Engine Light (malfunc- tion indicator light) located on your instru- ment panel may light. If this occurs, please return your vehicle to a trained and qualified Volvo service technician for service.
Gasoline containing alcohol and ethers, "Oxygenated fuels" Some fuel suppliers sell gasoline containing "oxygenates" which are usually alcohols or ethers. In some areas, state or local laws require that the service pump be marked indi- cating use of alcohols or ethers. However, there are areas in which the pumps are unmarked. If you are not sure whether there is alcohol or ethers in the gasoline you buy, check with the service station operator. To meet sea-
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Refueling
Octane rating
Minimum octane
change gasoline brands to fully utilize your engine's capacity, and for the smoothest pos- sible operation.
NOTE
When switching to higher octane fuel or changing gasoline brands, it may be neces- sary to fill the tank more than once before a difference in engine operation is noticeable.
Use of Additives With the exception of gas line antifreeze during winter months, do not add solvents, thicken- ers, or other store-bought additives to your vehicle's fuel, cooling, or lubricating systems. Overuse may damage your engine, and some of these additives contain organically volatile chemicals. Do not needlessly expose yourself to these chemicals.
Typical pump octane label Volvo recommends premium fuel for best per- formance, but using 87 octane1 or above will not affect engine reliability. Volvo engines are designed to achieve rated horsepower, torque, and fuel economy per- formance using premium 91 octane fuel.
Demanding driving In demanding driving conditions, such as oper- ating the vehicle in hot weather, towing a trailer, or driving for extended periods at higher alti- tudes than normal, it may be advisable to switch to higher octane fuel (91 or higher) or to
Fuel Formulations Do not use gasoline that contains lead as a knock inhibitor, and do not use lead additives. Besides damaging the exhaust emission con- trol systems on your vehicle, lead has been strongly linked to certain forms of cancer. Many fuels contain benzene as a solvent. Unburned benzene has been strongly linked to certain forms of cancer. If you live in an area where you must fill your own gas tank, take precautions. These may include: • standing upwind away from the filler nozzle
while refueling
• refueling only at gas stations with vapor
recovery systems that fully seal the mouth of the filler neck during refueling
• wearing neoprene gloves while handling a
fuel filler nozzle.
1 AKI (ANTI KNOCK INDEX) is an average of the Research Octane Number (RON) and the Motor Octane Number (MON), MON+RON/2.
WARNING
Never carry a cell phone that is switched on while refueling your vehicle. If the phone rings, this may cause a spark that could ignite gasoline fumes, resulting in fire and injury.
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WARNING
Carbon monoxide is a poisonous, colorless, and odorless gas. It is present in all exhaust gases. If you ever smell exhaust fumes inside the vehicle, make sure the passenger compartment is ventilated, and immediately return the vehicle to a trained and qualified Volvo service technician for correction.
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Refueling
Opening/closing the fuel filler door
tral locking button does not lock the fuel filler door.
Manually opening the fuel filler door
• Be sure the fuel filler door is not obstructed
and is completely closed after refueling. • Open the fuel filler cap slowly during hot
weather.
Close the fuel filler door by pressing it a click indicates that it is closed.
CAUTION
• Avoid spilling gasoline during refueling.
In addition to causing damage to the environment, gasolines containing alcohol can cause damage to painted surfaces, which may not be covered under the New Vehicle Limited War- ranty.
If necessary, the fuel filler door can be opened manually: 1. Open the side hatch in the cargo compart-
ment (on the same side as the fuel filler door).
2. Grasp the green cord with a handle. 3. Gently pull the cord straight rearward until
the fuel filler door clicks open.
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The fuel filler door is located on the right rear fender (indicated by an arrow beside the fuel tank symbol on the information display
With the ignition switched off, press and release the button on the lighting panel to unlock the fuel filler door. Please note that the fuel filler door will remain unlocked until the vehicle begins to move forward. An audible click will be heard when the fuel filler door relocks. • If you intend to leave your vehicle while it is being refueled, this feature enables you to lock the doors/tailgate while leaving the fuel filler door unlocked.
• You can also keep the vehicle locked if you remain inside it during refueling. The cen-
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Opening/closing the fuel cap
CAUTION
• Do not refuel with the engine running2. Turn the ignition off or to position I. If the ignition is on, an incorrect reading could occur in the fuel gauge.
• Avoid overfilling the fuel tank. Do not press the handle on the filler nozzle more than one extra time. Too much fuel in the tank in hot weather conditions can cause the fuel to overflow. Overfilling could also cause damage to the emis- sion control systems.
Fuel vapor expands in hot weather. Open the filler cap slowly. After refueling, close the fuel filler cap by turn- ing it clockwise until it clicks into place.
Emission controls
Three-way catalytic converter • Keep your engine properly tuned. Certain engine malfunctions, particularly involving the electrical, fuel or distributor ignition systems, may cause unusually high three- way catalytic converter temperatures. Do not continue to operate your vehicle if you detect engine misfire, noticeable loss of power or other unusual operating condi- tions, such as engine overheating or back- firing. A properly tuned engine will help
05 During your trip
Refueling
avoid malfunctions that could damage the three-way catalytic converter.
• Do not park your vehicle over combustible materials, such as grass or leaves, which can come into contact with the hot exhaust system and cause such materials to ignite under certain wind and weather condi- tions.
• Excessive starter cranking (in excess of one minute), or an intermittently firing or flooded engine can cause three-way cata- lytic converter or exhaust system over- heating.
• Remember that tampering or unauthorized
modifications to the engine, the Engine Control Module, or the vehicle may be ille- gal and can cause three-way catalytic con- verter or exhaust system overheating. This includes: altering fuel injection settings or components, altering emission system components or location or removing com- ponents, and/or repeated use of leaded fuel.
NOTE
Unleaded fuel is required for vehicles with three-way catalytic converters.
2 If the fuel filler cap is not closed tightly or if the engine is running when the vehicle is refueled, the Check Engine Light (malfunction indicator lamp) may indicate a fault. However, your vehicle's
performance will not be affected. Use only Volvo original or approved fuel filler caps.
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Refueling
Heated oxygen sensors The heated oxygen sensors monitor the oxy- gen content of the exhaust gases. Readings are fed into a control module that continuously monitors engine functions and controls fuel injection. The ratio of fuel to air into the engine is continuously adjusted for efficient combus- tion to help reduce harmful emissions.
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Introduction The load carrying capacity of your vehicle is determined by factors such as the number of passengers, the amount of cargo, the weight of any accessories that may be installed, etc. To increase loading space, the rear seat backr- ests can be folded down, see page 84. When loading the cargo area, keep the follow- ing in mind: • Load objects in the cargo area against the
backrest whenever possible.
• Unstable loads can be secured to the load anchoring eyelets with straps or web lash- ings to help keep them from shifting. • Stop the engine and apply the parking brake when loading or unloading long objects. The gear selector can be knocked out of position by long loads, which could set the vehicle in motion.
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Loading
WARNING
Power tailgate*
• Stop the engine, put the gear selector in
P, and apply the parking brake when loading or unloading long objects. • The vehicle's driving characteristics
may change depending on the weight and distribution of the load.
• A 44-pound (20 kg) object produces a force of 2,200 pounds (1,000 kg) in a head-on collision at 30 mph (50 km/h). • The cargo area and rear seat should not
be loaded to a level higher than 2 in. (5 cm) below the upper edge of the rear side windows. Objects placed higher than this level could impede the func- tion of the Inflatable Curtain.
Power tailgate closing button
Automatic opening The power tailgate can be opened automati- cally in the three ways: • By pressing and holding the
but- ton on the lighting panel until the tailgate begins to open.
• By pressing and holding the
button on the remote key until the tailgate begins to open.
• By pulling the outer handle on the tailgate. The taillights illuminate automatically when the automatic open function is used.
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* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.
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Loading
CAUTION
Be sure that there is adequate space above and behind the vehicle before opening the tailgate automatically. The vehicle should not be driven or moved with the tailgate in the open position. How- ever, if the vehicle is moved with the tailgate in the open position, the automatic closing function will be inoperative until one of the following occurs: • The tailgate is closed manually • The ignition is switched off and the key
is removed for approximately 10
minutes (the tailgate will function again after restart).NOTE
If the tailgate has been opened and closed continuously for more than 90 seconds, the automatic function will be deactivated to avoid overloading the electrical system. The automatic function can be used again after approximately 10 minutes.
Automatic closing The power tailgate can be closed by pressing
the tration) or by pressing it down.
button on the tailgate (see the illus-
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NOTE
If the tailgate is pressed down e.g., by the weight of snow or strong wind, it will close automatically.
WARNING
Be sure that no one is near the tailgate when it is opened or closed automatically. The tailgate should never be obstructed in any way when it is operated.
Interrupting automatic opening/closing Automatic opening or closing the tailgate can be interrupted in four ways: • By pressing the lighting panel. • By pressing the
button on the
button on the
remote key for several seconds.
• By pressing the button on the lower edge
of the tailgate.
• By pulling the outer handle on the tailgate
a second time.
If one of these actions is taken: • While the tailgate is being opened, the
electrical function will be switched off and
the tailgate will be released from the elec- trical system.
• While the tailgate is being closed, it will
return to the fully open position.
Pinch protection If the tailgate is obstructed while it is being operated, the pinch protection function is acti- vated. • If the tailgate is being opened, the electri-
cal function will be switched off and the tailgate will be released from the electrical system.
• If the tailgate is being closed, it will move
in the opposite direction.
Operating the tailgate manually The power tailgate can be disconnected from the vehicle’s electrical system by quickly pull- ing the outer handle twice. The tailgate can then be opened/closed manually.
Folding down the rear seat backrests The rear seat backrests can be folded down for additional loading space. See page 85 for infor- mation.
Load anchoring eyelets
The load anchoring eyelets on both sides of the vehicle are used to fasten straps, etc., to help anchor items in the cargo area.
WARNING
• Cover sharp edges on long loads to help prevent injury to occupants. Secure the load to help prevent shifting during sud- den stops.
• Always secure large and heavy objects
with a seat belt or cargo retaining straps.
• Always secure the load to help prevent it from moving in the event of sudden stops.
• Switch off the engine, apply the parking
brake and put the gear selector in P when loading and unloading the vehicle.
Cargo area floor rails and hooks
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Loading
The floor of the cargo compartment has rails on opposite sides of the vehicle equipped with hooks for anchoring loads with straps, nets, etc.
Cleaning the rails Dirt or other small objects that collect in the rails can make moving, locking, unlocking, and removing the hooks more difficult. Objects can be removed from the rails with a vacuum cleaner, and the rails can be cleaned with a moist cloth.
Moving the load anchoring hooks
To move a hook, fold it down in the direc- tion in which its opening points. Press the hook down lightly and move it to the desired position.
Load secured in upper and lower hooks
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Loading
Fold up the hook. It will lock in place.
NOTE
There should be at least 2 in. (50 cm) between the hooks in the rail.
WARNING
Switch off the engine, apply the parking brake and put the gear selector in P when loading and unloading the vehicle.
Removing a hook
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Press the hook down lightly and move the it to an opening in the rail. Pull the hook straight up.
Replace a hook in the rail in the reverse order.
• The opening on the hook closest to the rear
seat backrest should point toward the backrest.
• The opening on the hook closest to the tailgate should point toward the tailgate.
NOTE
In order to return a removed hook into a rail, it must be pressed down lightly.
Reinserting a hook
WARNING
The hooks must be installed correctly in the rail. Incorrectly installed hooks will be folded down by the strap, allowing them to move. The load will then no longer be securely anchored.
Straps for securing loads
The load-securing hooks can easily be removed, for example, to clean the rail.
To remove a hook, fold it down in the direc- tion in which its opening points.
Upper illustration: hooks correctly installed, Lower illustration: hooks incorrectly installed It is important to insert the hooks correctly in the rails. The hooks' openings should point away from each other.
Securing loads Wrapping straps a full turn around the hooks helps keep them in place.
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NOTE
The straps should preferably be approxi- mately 1 in. (25 mm) in width.
Grocery bag holder*
Grocery bag holder under the floor of the cargo area The grocery bag holder holds shopping bags in place. 1. Open the hatch in the floor of the cargo
area.
2. Secure the shopping bags with the strap.
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Loading
• The vehicle's wind resistance and fuel con- sumption will increase with the size of the load.
• Drive smoothly. Avoid rapid starts, fast
cornering and hard braking.
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Roof loads
Using load carriers Load carriers are available as Volvo accesso- ries. Observe the following points when in use: • To avoid damaging your vehicle and to
achieve maximum safety when driving, we recommend using the load carriers that Volvo has developed especially for your vehicle.
• Volvo-approved removable roof racks are designed to carry the maximum allowable roof load for this vehicle: 220 lbs (100 kg). For non-Volvo roof racks, check the man- ufacturer's weight limits for the rack.
• Never exceed the rack manufacturer's
weigh limits and never exceed the maxi- mum rated roof load of 220 lbs (100 kg). • Avoid single-point loads. Distribute loads
evenly.
• Place heavier cargo at the bottom of the
load.
• Secure the cargo correctly with appropri-
ate tie-down equipment.
• Check periodically that the load carriers
and load are properly secured.
• Remember that the vehicle's center of gravity and handling change when you carry a load on the roof.
* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.
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05 During your trip
Cargo area
Steel cargo grid*
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Your vehicle can be equipped with a steel grid that helps prevent objects in the cargo area from moving forward into the passenger com- partment.
Folding the grid up/down Grasp the lowering edge of the grid and pull it rearward/upward, or push it downward/for- ward.
NOTE
If the steel grid is to be used with the optional cargo area cover, the grid must be folded down before the cargo area cover is put in place.
Installing the steel cargo grid In order to install the steel grid, the rear seat backrests must be completely folded down, see page 85 for instructions.
NOTE
• The steel cargo grid is easiest to install
by two people, and should be folded down.
• When installing the grid, the handle
should be on the front side of the grid (see illustrations
–
).
• The rear seat backrests must be folded
down when installing the steel cargo grid, see page 85.
Put the handle in the installation position, see the illustration. Press lightly on the handle in order to turn it to this position, see the arrow. Press in the piston toward the grid and press it into the attachment bracket near the ceiling.
Turn the handle 90° shown in illustration Attach the grid 90°.
. Press lightly as if necessary.
by moving the handle
Do the same on the opposite side of the vehicle.
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* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.
Installing the cargo grid
Cargo area cover*
Use • Pull the cover over the cargo and hook it into the holes in the rear cargo area pillars. • To retract (roll up) the cover, release it from the holes and guide it toward the rear seat backrest.
Installing the cover 1. Press the end piece on one side of the
cargo area cover into the retaining bracket in the side panel of the cargo area 2. Do the same on the opposite side 3. Press both sides of the cover until they . The red mark will no
click into place longer be visible.
4. Check that both ends of the cover are
securely locked in place.
Removing the cover 1. Press one of the end pieces of the cover
inward.
2. Pull the cover carefully upward and out-
ward. The other end will release automati- cally from its retaining bracket.
Folding down the cargo area cover's rear flap The cargo area cover's rear flap points hori- zontally when the cover is retracted (rolled up). To fold it down:
05 During your trip
Cargo area
± Pull the flap slightly rearward past its sup-
ports and fold it down.
NOTE
On models equipped with this cover, it should be removed before a child seat is attached to the child restraint anchors.
Cargo net*
Storage compartment for the cargo net Two cassettes containing nylon cargo nets are stored in a compartment under the cargo area floor.
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* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.
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Cargo area
Attaching the cassette(s)
Using the net(s)
The two-sections of the net are attached to the rear side of the rear seat backrest. The cas- settes have different widths, and the widest section should be mounted on the right side (seen from the rear of the vehicle). 1. Fold down the rear seat backrests. 2. Align the cassette’s mounting rail above the mounting brackets on the backrest
3. Slide the cassette onto the mounting
brackets
4. Return the backrest to the upright position.
With the backrests upright The net is pulled up from the cassette and locks in position after approximately 1 minute.
Pull up the right side of the net by grasping its strap. Insert the net’s rod in the retaining bracket on the right side near the ceiling and press it forward. It will click into place. Extend the left section of the rod and insert it in the bracket on the left side of the cargo compartment. Press it forward until it clicks into place. Pull up the left side of the cargo net and secure it on the rod.
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NOTE
• The net can be fastened in the same
way if the rear seat backrests are folded down. In this case, use the retaining brackets near the ceiling, above the front seats.
• The front passenger's seat backrest can also be folded down for carrying long objects, see page 81.
Removing the cargo net cassettes 1. Retract the net(s) in the reverse order. 2. Fold the entire rear seat backrest down. 3. Slide the cassettes outward until they release from the mounting brackets.
WARNING
• When not in use, return the cassettes to
their storage compartment under the cargo area floor.
• Objects in the cargo area should be
securely anchored, even if the cargo net is correctly installed and in use.
Using the cargo net with the cargo area cover
Straps for pulling up the net The cargo net(s) can also be pulled up from the backrest when the cargo area cover is pulled out. The straps for pulling up the cargo net are located at the arrows in the illustration. Follow the same procedure as for using the nets with the backrests upright.
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Cargo area
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Towing a trailer
Introduction Volvo recommends the use of Volvo trailer hitches that are specially designed for the vehi- cle.
NOTE
See page 295 for the maximum trailer and tongue weights recommended by Volvo.
• Observe the legal requirements of the
state/province in which the vehicles are
• All Volvo models are equipped with
energy-absorbing shock-mounted bump- ers. Trailer hitch installation should not interfere with the proper operation of this bumper system.
Trailer towing does not normally present any particular problems, but take into considera- tion: • Increase tire pressure to recommended full
pressure. See the tire inflation tables beginning on page 231.
• When your vehicle is new, avoid towing heavy trailers during the first 620 miles (1,000 km).
• Maximum speed when towing a trailer:
50 mph (80 km/h).
• Engine and transmission are subject to
increased loads. Therefore, engine coolant temperature should be closely watched
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220
when driving in hot climates or hilly terrain. Use a lower gear and turn off the air con- ditioner if the temperature gauge needle enters the red range.
• If the automatic transmission begins to overheat, a message will be displayed in the text window.
• Avoid overload and other abusive opera-
tion.
• Hauling a trailer affects handling, durabil-
ity, and economy.
• It is necessary to balance trailer brakes
with the towing vehicle brakes to provide a safe stop (check and observe state/local regulations).
• Do not connect the trailer's brake system
directly to the vehicle's brake system. • More frequent vehicle maintenance is
required.
• Remove the ball and drawbar assembly
when the hitch is not being used.
• Volvo recommends the use of synthetic engine oil when towing a trailer over long distances or in mountainous areas.
WARNING
• Bumper-attached trailer hitches must
not be used on Volvos, nor should safety chains be attached to the bumper.
• Trailer hitches attaching to the vehicle
rear axle must not be used.
• Never connect a trailer's hydraulic brake system directly to the vehicle brake system, nor a trailer's lighting system directly to the vehicle lighting system. Consult your nearest author- ized Volvo retailer for correct installa- tion.
• When towing a trailer, the trailer's safety wire must be correctly fastened to the hole or hook provided in the trailer hitch on the vehicle. The safety wire should never be fastened to or wound around the drawbar ball.
NOTE
• When parking the vehicle with a trailer on a hill, apply the parking brake before putting the gear selector in P. Always follow the trailer manufacturer's recom- mendations for wheel chocking.
• When starting on a hill, put the gear
selector in D before releasing the park- ing brake. See also page 117 for more detailed information about starting off on a hill while towing a trailer.
• If you use the manual (Geartronic) shift positions while towing a trailer, make sure the gear you select does not put too much strain on the engine (using too high a gear).
• The drawbar assembly/trailer hitch may
be rated for trailers heavier than the vehicle is designed to tow. Please adhere to Volvo's recommended trailer weights.
• Avoid driving with a trailer on inclines of
more than 15 %.
Trailer cable An adapter is required if the vehicle's trailer hitch has a 13-pin connector and the trailer has 7 pins. Use an adapter cable approved by Volvo. Make sure the cable does not drag on the ground.
Detachable trailer hitch (accessory)
Ball holder
Locking bolt
Cotter pin
Hitch assembly
Safety wire attachment
Installing the ball holder 1.
If necessary, remove the cotter pin from the locking bolt and slide the locking bolt out of the hitch assembly.
2. Slide the ball holder into the hitch assem-
bly.
3. Align the hole in the ball holder with the one
in the hitch assembly.
05 During your trip
Towing a trailer
4. Slide the locking bolt through the hitch
5.
assembly/ball holder. Insert the cotter pin in the hole at the end of the locking bolt.
Removing the ball holder 1. Remove the cotter pin from the locking bolt
and slide the locking bolt out of the ball holder/hitch assembly.
2. Pull the ball holder out of the hitch assem-
bly.
NOTE
A cover for the hitch assembly is also included in the kit.
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Emergency towing
Towing eyelet
Location of the towing eyelet
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Attaching the towing eyelet
Attaching the towing eyelet
The towing eyelet is located under the floor of the cargo area, with the spare tire. This eyelet must be screwed into the positions provided on the right sides of either the front or rear bumper (see illustration).
222
There are two different types of covers over the openings for the towing eyelet and they have to be opened differently. • If the cover has a notch, insert a coin, etc., into the notch and pry open the edge of the cover. Open the cover com- pletely and remove it.
• If the cover has a mark along one edge or in a corner, press the mark while pry- ing out the opposite side/corner using a coin, etc. Open the cover and remove it. Screw the towing eyelet in place, first by hand and then using the tire iron until it is securely in place. After the vehicle has been towed, the eyelet should be removed and returned to its storage location. Press the cover for the attachment point back into position.
NOTE
On certain models equipped with a trailer hitch, the towing eyelet cannot be screwed into the hole in the rear bumper. The towing rope should be attached to the trailer hitch instead. For this reason, the detachable section of the trailer hitch should be safely stowed in the vehicle at all times.
CAUTION
If the vehicle is being towed on a flat bed truck, the towing eyelets must not be used to pull the vehicle up onto the flat bed.
WARNING
• Remember that the power brakes and power steering will not function when engine is not running. The braking and steering systems will function but con- siderably higher pressure will be required on the brake pedal and greater steering effort must be exerted.
• The towing eyelets must not be used for pulling the vehicle out of a ditch or for any similar purpose involving severe strain. Do not use the towing eyelets to pull the vehicle up onto a flat bed tow truck.
Precautions when the vehicle is in tow • Attach jumper cables (see page 109) to provide current for releasing the optional electric parking brake and to move the gear selector from the P position.
• The gear selector must be in position N. • Maximum speed: 50 mph (80 km/h). Do not
exceed the maximum allowable towing speed.
• Maximum distance with front wheels on
ground: 50 miles (80 km).
• While the vehicle is being towed, try to
keep the tow rope taut at all times.
• The vehicle should only be towed in the
forward direction.
WARNING
The ignition key should always be fully inserted in the ignition slot when the vehicle is being towed to help prevent the steering wheel from locking. On vehicles with the optional keyless drive, the remote key must be in the passenger compartment and the driver's door must be closed.
NOTE
During towing, ignition mode II should be used so that the lighting can be switched on.
CAUTION
Vehicles with AWD (All Wheel Drive) with the front wheels off the ground should not be towed at speeds above 50 mph (70 km/h) or for distances longer than 30 miles (50 km).
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Emergency towing
please refer to the towing information on page 222.
CAUTION
• Sling-type equipment applied at the
front will damage radiator and air con- ditioning lines.
• It is equally important not to use sling- type equipment at the rear or apply lift- ing equipment inside the rear wheels; serious damage to the rear axle may result.
• If the vehicle is being towed on a flat bed
truck, the towing eyelets must not be used to secure the vehicle on the flat bed. Consult the tow truck operator.
CAUTION
• Please check with state and local
authorities before attempting this type of towing, as vehicles being towed are subject to regulations regarding maxi- mum towing speed, length and type of towing device, lighting, etc.
• If the vehicle's battery is dead, do not attempt to start the vehicle by pushing or pulling it as this will damage the three-way catalytic converter(s). The engine must be jump started using an auxiliary battery (see page 109).
• If the vehicle is being towed on a flat bed
truck, the towing eyelets must not be used to pull the vehicle up onto the flat bed or to secure the vehicle on the flat bed. Consult the tow truck operator.
Towing vehicles with front wheel drive/ All Wheel Drive Volvo recommends the use of flat bed equip- ment. • If wheel lift equipment must be used,
please use extreme caution to help avoid damage to the vehicle. In this case, the vehicle should be towed with the rear wheels on the ground if at all possible. • If it is absolutely necessary to tow the vehi-
cle with the front wheels on the ground,
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223
General information .............................................................................. 226
Tire inflation........................................................................................... 229
Inflation pressure—U.S. models .......................................................... 231
Inflation pressure—Canadian models................................................... 232
Tire designations .................................................................................. 233
Glossary of tire terminology ................................................................. 235
Vehicle loading ..................................................................................... 236
Uniform Tire Quality Grading ............................................................... 238
Snow chains, snow tires, studded tires ............................................... 239
Temporary Spare ................................................................................. 240
Tire Sealing System.............................................................................. 241
Changing a wheel ................................................................................ 247
Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)............................................. 250224
WHEELS AND TIRES
06 Wheels and tires
General information
Introduction Your vehicle is equipped with tires according to the vehicle's tire information placard on the B-pillar (the structural member at the side of the vehicle, at the rear of the driver's door opening).
CAUTION
Some Volvo models are equipped with an Ultra High Performance tire and wheel com- bination designed to provide maximum dry pavement performance with consideration for hydroplaning resistance. They may be more susceptible to road hazard damage and, depending on driving conditions, may achieve a tread life of less than 20,000 miles (30,000 km). Even if this vehicle is equipped with Volvo’s advanced AWD or DSTC sys- tem, these tires are not designed for winter driving, and should be replaced with winter tires when weather conditions dictate.
The tires have good road holding characteris- tics and offer good handling on dry and wet surfaces. It should be noted however that the tires have been developed to give these fea- tures on snow/ice-free surfaces. Most models are equipped with "all-season" tires, which provide a somewhat higher degree of road holding on slippery surfaces than tires
1 Option or accessory on some models
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without the "all-season" rating. However, for optimum road holding on icy or snow-covered roads, we recommend suitable winter tires on all four wheels. When replacing tires, be sure that the new tires are the same size designation, type (radial) and preferably from the same manufacturer, on all four wheels. Otherwise there is a risk of altering the car's roadholding and handling characte- ristics.
New Tires
Tire age Tires degrade over time, even when they are not being used. It is recommended that tires generally be replaced after 6 years of normal service. Heat caused by hot climates, frequent high loading conditions or Ultra Violet (U.V.) exposure can accelerate the aging process. The temporary spare1 should also be replaced at 6-year intervals, even if it has never been used. A tire's age can be determined by the DOT stamp on the sidewall (see the illustration). A tire with e.g., visible cracks or discoloration should be replaced immediately.
Improving tire economy • Maintain correct tire pressure. See the tire
inflation tables beginning on page 231. • Drive smoothly: avoid fast starts, hard
braking and tire screeching.
Remember that tires are perishable goods. As of 2000, the manufacturing week and year (Department of Transportation (DOT) stamp) will be indicated with 4 digits (e.g., 1510 means that the tire illustrated was manufactured dur- ing week 15 of 2010).
• Tire wear increases with speed. • Correct front wheel alignment is very
important.
• Unbalanced wheels impair tire economy
and driving comfort.
• Tires must maintain the same direction of
rotation throughout their lifetime.
• Incorrectly mounted tires impair the car's
braking properties and ability to force aside rain, snow and slush.
• The tires with the most tread should always
be at the rear (to reduce the risk of skid- ding).
• Contact a Volvo workshop if you are
unsure about the tread depth.
Storing wheels and tires When storing complete wheels (tires mounted on rims), they should be suspended off the floor or placed on their sides on the floor. Tires not mounted on rims should be stored on their sides or standing upright, but should not be suspended.
CAUTION
Tires should preferably be stored in a cool, dry, dark place, and should never be stored in close proximity to solvents, gasoline, oils, etc.
• When replacing tires, the tires with the
most tread should be mounted on the rear wheels to reduce the chance of oversteer during hard braking.
• Hitting curbs or potholes can damage the
tires and/or wheels permanently.
Summer and winter tires
The arrows shows the direction of rotation of the tire • When switching between summer and winter tires, mark the tires to indicate where they were mounted on the car, e.g., LF = left front, RR = right rear
• Tires with tread designed to roll in only one direction are marked with an arrow on the sidewall.
06 Wheels and tires
General information
WARNING
• The wheel and tire sizes for your Volvo are specified to meet stringent stability and handling requirements. Unap- proved wheel/tire size combinations can negatively affect your vehicle's sta- bility and handling.
• Any damage caused by installation of unapproved wheel/tire size combina- tions will not be covered by your new vehicle warranty. Volvo assumes no responsibility for death, injury, or expenses that may result from such installations.
Tire wear
Tire rotation Tire wear is affected by a number of factors such as tire inflation, ambient temperature, driving style, etc. Your vehicle is driven mainly by the front tires, which will wear faster. If the tires are rotated, they should only be moved from front to back or vice versa. They should never be rotated left to right/right to left. However, tire rotation, done at the recom- mended intervals, is one way of helping to keep tread wear as even as possible and will help you get maximum mileage from your tires.
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The tires have wear indicator strips running across or parallel to the tread. The letters TWI are printed on the side of the tire. When approximately 1/16" (1.6 mm) is left on the tread, these strips become visible and indicate that the tire should be replaced. Tires with less than 1/16" (1.6 mm) tread offer very poor trac- tion. When replacing worn tires, it is recommended that the tire be identical in type (radial) and size as the one being replaced. Using a tire of the same make (manufacturer) will prevent altera- tion of the driving characteristics of the vehicle.
06 Wheels and tires
General information
Ideally, tire rotation should be done the first time after approximately 3,000 miles (5, 000 km) and thereafter at 6,000 mile (10,000 km) intervals. Tire rotation should only be performed if front/ rear tire wear is fairly even and tread height is above 1/16" (1.6 mm).
NOTE
Tire rotation is not included in regularly scheduled maintenance and is performed only at customer request, at additional charge.
Your Volvo retailer can also provide guidance based on your particular driving circumstan- ces.
Tread wear indicator
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228
Inflation placard
Tire inflation placard
Tire inflation Check tire inflation pressure regularly. See the tire inflation tables beginning on page 231. A tire inflation pressure placard is also located on the driver's side B-pillar (the struc- tural member at the side of the vehicle, at the rear of the driver's door opening). This placard indicates the designation of the factory-moun- ted tires on your vehicle, as well as load limits and inflation pressure.
06 Wheels and tires
Tire inflation
NOTE
• The placards shown indicate inflation pressure for the tires installed on the vehicle at the factory only.
• A certain amount of air seepage from the tires occurs naturally and tire pres- sure fluctuates with seasonal changes in temperature. Always check tire pres- sure regularly.
WARNING
• Under-inflation is the most common cause of tire failure and may result in severe tire cracking, tread separation, or "blow-out," with unexpected loss of vehicle control and increased risk of injury.
• Under-inflated tires reduce the load car-
rying capacity of your vehicle.
• Use a tire gauge to check the tire inflation pressure, including the spare, at least once a month and before long trips. You are strongly urged to buy a reliable tire pres- sure gauge, as automatic service station gauges may be inaccurate.
• Use the recommended cold inflation pres-
sure for optimum tire performance and wear.
• Under-inflation or over-inflation may cause
uneven treadwear patterns.
NOTE
A certain amount of air seepage from the tires occurs naturally and tire pressure fluc- tuates with seasonal changes in tempera- ture. Always check tire pressure regularly.
When weather temperature changes occur, tire inflation pressures also change. A 10-degree temperature drop causes a corresponding drop of 1 psi (7 kPa) in inflation pressure. Check your tire pressures frequently and adjust them to the proper pressure, which can be found on the vehicle's tire information placard or certifi- cation label.
Checking tire pressure Cold tires Inflation pressure should be checked when the tires are cold. The tires are considered to be cold when they have the same temperature as the sur- rounding (ambient) air. This temperature is normally reached after the vehicle has been parked for at least 3 hours.
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Speed ratings
168 mph (270 km/h)
186 mph (300 km/h)
Load ratings See page 233 for an explanation of the load rating on the sidewall of the tire.
06 Wheels and tires
Tire inflation
After driving a distance of approximately 1 mile (1.6 km), the tires are considered to be hot. If you have to drive farther than this dis- tance to pump your tire(s), check and record the tire pressure first and add the appropriate air pressure when you get to the pump. If checking tire pressure when the tire is hot, never "bleed" or reduce air pressure. The tires are hot from driving and it is normal for pres- sures to increase above recommended cold pressures. A hot tire at or below recommended cold inflation pressure could be significantly under-inflated. To check inflation pressure: 1. Remove the cap from the valve on one tire,
then firmly press the tire gauge onto the valve.
2. Add air to reach the recommended air
pressure.
06
3. Replace the valve cap. 4. Repeat this procedure for each tire, includ-
ing the spare.
5. Visually inspect the tires to make sure there
are no nails or other objects embedded that could puncture the tire and cause an air leak.
230
6. Check the sidewalls to make sure there are no gouges, cuts, bulges or other irregular- ities.
NOTE
• If you overfill the tire, release air by
pushing on the metal stem in the center of the valve. Then recheck the pressure with your tire gauge.
• Some spare tires require higher inflation
pressure than the other tires. Consult the tire inflation tables or see the infla- tion pressure placard.
Tire ratings
Speed ratings The speed ratings in the table translate as fol- low:
Speed ratings
81 mph (130 km/h)
100 mph (160 km/h)
118 mph (190 km/h)
130 mph (210 km/h)
149 mph (240 km/h)
06 Wheels and tires
Inflation pressure—U.S. models
Tire inflation pressure table The following tire pressures are recommended by Volvo for your vehicle. Refer to the tire inflation placard (see page 229 for its location) for information specific to the tires installed on your vehicle at the factory. Tire size
Cold tire pressure for up to 5 persons
215/65 R16
235/55 R17
235/50 R18235/45 R19
Temporary spare tire
Front psi/kPa
36/250
39/270
61/420
Rear psi/kPa
36/250
39/270
61/420
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06 Wheels and tires
Inflation pressure—Canadian models
Tire inflation pressure table The following tire pressures are recommended by Volvo for your vehicle. Refer to the tire inflation placard (see page 229 for its location) for information specific to the tires installed on your vehicle at the factory. Tire size
Optional tire pressure for up to 3 persons
Cold tire pressure for up to 5 persons
215/65 R16
235/55 R17
235/50 R18235/45 R19
Temporary spare tire
Front psi/kPa
38/260
39/270
61/420
Rear psi/kPa
38/260
39/270
61/420
Front psi/kPa
36/250
39/270
61/420
Rear psi/kPa
36/250
39/270
61/420
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232
Information on the sidewall
10
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12
Federal law mandates that tire manufacturers place standardized information on the sidewall of all tires (see the illustration). The following information is listed on the tire sidewall: The tire designation:
NOTE
Please be aware that the following tire des- ignation is an example only and that this particular tire may not be available on your vehicle.
1. 215: the width of the tire (in millimeters)
from sidewall edge to sidewall edge. The larger the number, the wider the tire.
2. 65: The ratio of the tire's height to its width
in percent.
3. R: Radial tire. 4. 15: The diameter of the wheel rim (in
inches).
5. 95: The tire's load index. In this example, a load index of 95 equals a maximum load of 1521 lbs (690 kg).
6. H: The tire's speed rating, or the maximum
speed at which the tire is designed to be driven for extended periods of time, carry- ing a permissible load for the vehicle, and with correct inflation pressure. For exam- ple, H indicates a speed rating of 130 mph (210 km/h).
NOTE
The tire's load index and speed rating may not appear on the sidewall because they are not required by law.
06 Wheels and tires
Tire designations
7. M+S or M/S = Mud and Snow, AT = All
Terrain, AS = All Season
8. U.S. DOT Tire Identification Number
(TIN): This begins with the letters "DOT" and indicates that the tire meets all federal standards. The next two numbers or letters are the plant code where it was manufac- tured, the next two are the tire size code and the last four numbers represent the week and year the tire was built. For exam- ple, 1510 means that the tire was manu- factured during week 15 of 2010. The num- bers in between are marketing codes used at the manufacturer's discretion. This infor- mation helps a tire manufacturer identify a tire for safety recall purposes.
9. Tire Ply Composition and Material
Used: Indicates the number of plies indi- cates or the number of layers of rubber- coated fabric in the tire tread and sidewall. Tire manufacturers also must indicate the ply materials in the tire and the sidewall, which include steel, nylon, polyester, and others.
10. Maximum Load: Indicates the maximum load in pounds and kilograms that can be carried by the tire. Refer to the vehicle's tire information placard located on the B-Pillar for the correct tire pressure for your vehi- cle.
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06 Wheels and tires
Tire designations
11. Treadwear, Traction, and Temperature grades: see page 238 for more informa- tion.
12. Maximum permissible inflation
pressure: the greatest amount of air pres- sure that should ever be put in the tire. This limit is set by the tire manufacturer.
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Terms The tire suppliers may have additional mark- ings, notes or warnings such as standard load, radial tubeless, etc. • Tire information placard: A placard
showing the OE (Original Equipment) tire sizes, recommended inflation pressure, and the maximum weight the vehicle can carry.
• Tire Identification Number (TIN): A num- ber on the sidewall of each tire providing information about the tire brand and man- ufacturing plant, tire size and date of man- ufacturer.
• Inflation pressure: A measure of the
amount of air in a tire.
• Standard load: A class of P-metric or Met- ric tires designed to carry a maximum load at 35 psi [37 psi (2.5 bar) for Metric tires]. Increasing the inflation pressure beyond this pressure will not increase the tires load carrying capability.
• Extra load: A class of P-metric or Metric tires designed to carry a heavier maximum load at 41 psi [43 psi (2.9 bar) for Metric tires]. Increasing the inflation pressure beyond this pressure will not increase the tire's load carrying capability.
• kPa: Kilopascal, a metric unit of air pres-
sure.
• PSI: Pounds per square inch, a standard
unit of air pressure.
• B-pillar: The structural member at the side
of the vehicle behind the front door.
• Bead area of the tire: Area of the tire next
to the rim.
• Sidewall of the tire: Area between the
bead area and the tread.
• Tread area of the tire: Area of the perim- eter of the tire that contacts the road when mounted on the vehicle.
• Rim: The metal support (wheel) for a tire or a tire and tube assembly upon which the tire beads are seated.
• Maximum load rating: a figure indicating
the maximum load in pounds and kilo- grams that can be carried by the tire. This rating is established by the tire manufac- turer.
• Maximum permissible inflation
pressure: the greatest amount of air pres- sure that should ever be put in the tire. This limit is set by the tire manufacturer.
• Recommended tire inflation pressure: inflation pressure, established by Volvo, which is based on the type of tires that are mounted on a vehicle at the factory. This information can be found on the tire infla- tion placard(s) located on the driver's side
06 Wheels and tires
Glossary of tire terminology
B-pillar and in the tire inflation table in this chapter.
• Cold tires: The tires are considered to be cold when they have the same temperature as the surrounding (ambient) air. This tem- perature is normally reached after the vehi- cle has been parked for at least 3 hours.
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06 Wheels and tires
Vehicle loading
Loads Properly loading your vehicle will provide maxi- mum return of vehicle design performance. Before loading your vehicle, familiarize yourself with the following terms for determining your vehicle's weight ratings, with or without a trailer, from the vehicle's Federal/Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS/ CMVSS) label, and the vehicle's tire informa- tion placard:
Curb weight The weight of the vehicle including a full tank of fuel and all standard equipment. It does not include passengers, cargo, or optional equip- ment.
Capacity weight All weight added to the curb weight, including cargo and optional equipment. When towing, trailer hitch tongue load is also part of cargo weight.
NOTE
For trailer towing information, please refer to the section "Towing a trailer" on page 220.
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236
Permissible axle weight The maximum allowable weight that can be carried by a single axle (front or rear). These numbers are shown on the Federal/Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS/ CMVSS) label. The total load on each axle must never exceed its maximum permissible weight.
Gross vehicle weight (GVW) The vehicle's curb weight + cargo + passen- gers.
NOTE
• The location of the various labels in your
vehicle can be found on page 292.
• A table listing important weight limits for
your vehicle can be found on page 295.
Steps for Determining Correct Load Limit 1. Locate the statement "the combined
weight of occupants and cargo should never exceed XXX pounds" on your vehi- cle's placard.
6.
2. Determine the combined weight of the
driver and passengers that will be riding in your vehicle.
3. Subtract the combined weight of the driver
