Do not carry spray cans, containers with flammable or corrosive liquids or any other dangerous items inside the vehicle.
NOTE For better fuel economy, do not carry unneeded cargo.
& Vehicle capacity weight
. When you carry something inside the vehicle, secure it whenever you can to prevent it from being thrown around inside the vehicle during sudden stops, sharp turns or in an accident.
. Do not pile heavy loads on the roof. These loads raise the vehi- cle’s center of gravity and make it more prone to tip over.
. Secure lengthy items properly to prevent them from shooting for- ward and causing serious injury during a sudden stop.
. Never exceed the maximum load limit. If you do, some parts on your vehicle can break, or it can change the way your vehicle handles. This could result in loss of control and cause personal injury. Also, overloading can shorten the life of your vehicle.
. Do not place anything on the rear shelf behind the rear seatback (for 4-door) or the extended car- go area cover (for 5-door). Such items could tumble forward in the event of a sudden stop or a collision. This could cause ser-
The load capacity of your vehicle is determined by weight, not by available cargo space. The maximum load you can carry in your vehicle is shown on the vehicle placard attached to the driver’s side door pillar. It includes the total weight of the driver and all passengers and their belongings, any optional equipment such as a trailer hitch, roof rack or bike carrier, etc.
& GVWR and GAWR (Gross Vehicle Weight Rating and Gross Axle Weight Rating)
The certification label attached to the driver’s side doorjamb shows GVWR (Gross Vehicle Weight Rating) and GAWR (Gross Axle Weight Rating). The GVW (Gross Vehicle Weight) must never exceed the GVWR. GVW is the combined total of weight of the vehicle, fuel, driver, all passengers, luggage and any optional equipment. Therefore, the GVW changes depending on the situation. The GVWR equals Curb Weight (actual weight of your vehicle – including standard equipment, fluids, emergency tools and spare tire assembly) plus the vehicle capacity weight.
Driving tips 8-13
In addition, the total weight applied to each axle (GAW) must never exceed the GAWR. The front and rear GAWs can be adjusted by relocating luggage inside the vehicle. Even if the total weight of your luggage is lower than the vehicle capacity weight, either front or rear GAW may exceed the GAWR, depending on the distribution of the luggage. When possible, the load should be evenly distributed throughout the vehicle. If you carry heavy loads in the vehicle, you should confirm that GVW and front and rear GAWs are within the GVWR and GAWR by putting your vehicle on a vehicle scale, found at a commercial weighing station.
Do not use replacement tires with a lower load range than the originals because they may lower the GVWR and GAWR limita- tions. Replacement tires with a higher load range than the originals do not increase the GVWR and GAWR limitations.
– CONTINUED –
8-14 Driving tips
& Roof molding and crossbar
(if equipped)
the vehicle and create a safety hazard.
Cargo can be carried after securing the roof crossbar kit to the roof molding and installing the appropriate carrying attach- ment. When installing the roof crossbar kit, follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
When you carry cargo on the roof using the roof crossbar kit and a carrying attachment, never exceed the maximum load limit as explained below. You should also be careful that your vehicle does not exceed the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) and front and rear Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR). For information about loading cargo into or onto your vehicle, refer to “Loading your vehicle” F8-12. The maximum load limit of the cargo, crossbars and carrying attachment must not exceed 176 lbs (80 kg). Place the heaviest load at the bottom, nearest the roof, and evenly distribute the cargo. Always properly secure all cargo.
CAUTION
. For cargo carrying purposes, the roof molding must be used to- gether with a roof crossbar kit and the appropriate carrying at- tachment. Otherwise, damage to the roof or paint or a dangerous road hazard due to loss of cargo could result.
. When using the roof crossbar kit, make sure that the total weight of the crossbars, carrying attach- ment and cargo does not exceed the maximum load limit. Over- loading may cause damage to
! Installing carrying attachments on
the crossbars
When installing any carrying attachment such as a bike carrier, ski carrier, kayak carrier, cargo basket, etc. on the cross- follow the manufacturer’s instruc- bars, tions and make sure that the attachment is securely fixed to the crossbars. Use only attachments designed specifically for the crossbars. A set of the crossbars is designed to carry loads (cargo and attach- ment) of not more than 165 lbs (75 kg). Before operating the vehicle, make sure that the cargo is properly secured on the attachment. NOTE Remember that the vehicle’s center of gravity is altered with the weight of the load on the roof, thus affecting the driving characteristics. Drive carefully. Avoid rapid starts, hard cornering and abrupt stops. Crosswind effects will be increased.
! Removal and installation of the
crossbars
Trailer towing
Driving tips 8-15
Your vehicle is neither designed nor intended to be used for trailer towing. Therefore, never tow a trailer with your vehicle. SUBARU assumes no responsibility for injuries or vehicle damage that may result from trailer towing, from any trailer towing equipment or from any errors or omissions in the instructions accompanying such equipment. SUBARU warranties do not apply to vehicle damage or malfunction caused by trailer towing.
Each of the two roof moldings has two mounting points for crossbars. Each mounting point is fitted with a cover. Use a screwdriver to remove the covers. When installing the crossbars on the roof mold- ing, follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
If you park your vehicle in case of an
emergency ........................................................ Temporary spare tire...........................................
Precautions for AWD vehicles with automatic
transmission ..................................................... Flat tires............................................................... Changing a flat tire.............................................. Tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS)
9-2
9-2
9-3
9-4
9-4
(U.S.-spec. models) ...........................................
9-9
Jump starting ..................................................... 9-11
9-11
Engine overheating ............................................ 9-13
How to jump start...............................................
If steam is coming from the engine
compartment.................................................... 9-13
In case of emergency
If no steam is coming from the engine
compartment ................................................... Towing ................................................................ Towing and tie-down hooks................................ Using a flat-bed truck......................................... Towing with all wheels on the ground.................
Rear gate – if the rear gate cannot be
unlocked.......................................................... Moonroof – if moonroof cannot be closed ...... Maintenance tools ............................................. Jack handle ....................................................... Jack and other maintenance tools......................
9-13
9-13
9-14
9-17
9-17
9-18
9-19
9-20
9-20
9-21
9-2 In case of emergency
If you park your vehicle in case of an emergency
NOTE When the hazard warning flasher is on, the turn signals do not work.
The hazard warning flasher should be used in day or night to warn other drivers when you have to park your vehicle under emergency conditions. Avoid stopping on the road. It is best to safely pull off the road if a problem occurs.
The hazard warning flasher can be acti- vated regardless of the ignition switch position. Turn on the hazard warning by pushing the hazard warning flasher switch. Turn it off by pushing the switch again.
Temporary spare tire
WARNING
When a spare tire is mounted or a wheel rim is replaced without the original pressure sensor/transmitter being transferred, the low tire pres- sure warning light will illuminate steadily after blinking for approxi- mately one minute. This indicates the tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) is unable to monitor all four road wheels. Contact your SUBARU dealer as soon as possible for tire and sensor replacement and/or sys- tem resetting.
CAUTION
Never use any temporary spare tire other than the original. Using other sizes may result in severe mechan- ical damage to the drive train of your vehicle.
than a conventional
The temporary spare tire is smaller and lighter tire and is designed for emergency use only. Re- move the temporary spare tire and re- install tire as soon as
the conventional
possible because the spare tire is de- signed only for temporary use.
Check the inflation pressure of the tem- porary spare tire periodically to keep the tire ready for use. The correct pressure is 60 psi (420 kPa, 4.2 kg/cm2).
When using the temporary spare tire, note the following. . Do not exceed 50 mph (80 km/h). . Do not put a tire chain on the temporary spare tire. Because of the smaller tire size, a tire chain will not fit properly. . Do not use two or more temporary spare tires at the same time. . Do not drive over obstacles. This tire has a smaller diameter, so road clearance is reduced.
In case of emergency 9-3
vehicle as follows: 1. Turn the ignition switch to the “LOCK” position.
Tread wear indicator bar Indicator location mark
1) 2) . When the wear indicator appears on the tread, replace the tire. . The temporary spare tire must be used only on a rear wheel. If a front wheel tire gets punctured, replace the wheel with a rear wheel and install the temporary spare tire in place of the removed rear wheel.
& Precautions for AWD vehi- cles with automatic trans- mission
Your vehicle is equipped with the AWD (All-Wheel Drive) system. if your vehicle is an AT model, before driving your vehicle with the temporary spare tire, deactivate the AWD capability of the
In addition,
2. Pull any one spare fuse out of the spare fuse holder in the engine compart- ment. Spare fuses are attached on the back side of the fuse holder cover. You may pick up any one fuse in the spare fuse holder.
– CONTINUED –
9-4 In case of emergency
1) Spare fuse 2)
FWD connector
3. Put a spare fuse inside the FWD connector located in the cabin and confirm the All-Wheel Drive warning light that “ illuminates. The All-Wheel-Drive capability of the vehicle has now been deactivated.
”
NOTE After reinstalling the conventional tire, remove the spare fuse from the FWD connector in order to reactivate All- Wheel Drive. Make sure to restore the removed spare fuse in the spare fuse holder located in the engine compart- ment.
. Always turn off the engine before raising the flat tire off the ground using the jack. Never swing or push the vehicle supported with the jack. The jack can come out of the jacking point due to a jolt and this can result in a severe accident.
1. Park on a hard, level surface, when- ever possible, then stop the engine. 2. Set the parking brake securely and shift the shift lever in reverse (MT vehi- cles) or the selector lever in the “P” (Park) position (AT vehicles). 3. Turn on the hazard warning flasher and have everyone get out of the vehicle.
Flat tires
If you have a flat tire while driving, never brake suddenly; keep driving straight ahead while gradually reducing speed. Then slowly pull off the road to a safe place.
& Changing a flat tire
WARNING
. Do not jack up the vehicle on an incline or a loose road surface. The jack can come out of the jacking point or sink into the ground and this can result in a severe accident.
. Use only the jack provided with your vehicle. The jack supplied with the vehicle is designed only for changing a tire. Never get under the vehicle while support- ing the vehicle with this jack.
4. Put wheel blocks at the front and rear of the tire diagonally opposite the flat tire.
4-door models 1) 2) 3) Spare tire
Jack and tool bucket Jack handle
5-door models 1) 2) 3) Spare tire
Jack and tool bucket Jack handle
jack
jack,
5. Take out the spare tire, handle and wheel nut wrench. The spare tire and the tools are stored under the floor of the trunk or cargo area. Take them out according to the following procedure.
In case of emergency 9-5
To take out the jack handle:
1) 2)
4-door 5-door
Open the floor cover of the trunk (4-door) or the cargo area (5-door), and take out the jack handle.
– CONTINUED –
9-6 In case of emergency
To take out the jack and wheel nut wrench:
the recess of the spare tire wheel.
1) 2)
Jack Towing hook
1) 2)
4-door 5-door
Take out the storage tray (4-door), and take out the tool bucket that is stored in
1) Screwdriver 2) Wheel nut wrench 3) Hex-head wrench (vehicle with moon-
roof) Tool bag
4)
Take out the jack from the tool bucket, and take out the wheel nut wrench from tool bag. NOTE Make sure that the jack is well lubri- cated before using it. To take out the spare tire:
In case of emergency 9-7
Turn the attaching bolt counterclockwise, then take the spare tire out. NOTE If the spare tire provided in your vehicle is a temporary spare tire, carefully read “Temporary spare tire” F9-2 and strictly follow the instructions.
6. Loosen the wheel nuts using the wheel nut wrench but do not remove the nuts.
Jack-up points (vehicle with side sill skirt except WRX STI)
Jack-up points (WRX STI)
Jack-up points (others)
7. Place the jack under the side sill at the front or rear jack-up point closest to the flat tire.
– CONTINUED –
9-8 In case of emergency
Turn the jackscrew by hand until the jack head engages firmly into the jack-up point.
8. Insert the jack handle into the jack- screw, and turn the handle until the tire clears the ground. Do not raise the vehicle higher than necessary. 9. Remove the wheel nuts and the flat tire.
WARNING
Do not use oil or grease on the wheel studs or nuts when the spare tire is installed. This could cause the nuts to become loose and lead to an accident.
12. Turn the jack handle counterclockwise to lower the vehicle.
10. Before putting the spare tire on, clean the mounting surface of the wheel and hub with a cloth. 11. Put on the spare tire. Replace the wheel nuts. Tighten them by hand.
13. Use the wheel nut wrench to securely tighten the wheel nuts to the specified torque, following the tightening order in the illustration. The torque for tightening the nuts is 58 to 72 lbf·ft (80 to 100 N·m, 8 to 10 kgf·m). This torque is equivalent to applying approximately 88 to 110 lbs (40 to 50 kg) at the top of the wheel nut wrench. Never
use your foot on the wheel nut wrench or a pipe extension on the wrench because you may exceed the specified torque. Have the wheel nut torque checked at the nearest automotive service facility.
5-door models (WRX STI)
4-door models
In case of emergency 9-9
nut wrench in their storage locations.
WARNING
Never place a tire or tire changing tools in the passenger compartment after changing wheels. In a sudden stop or collision, loose equipment could strike occupants and cause injury. Store the tire and all tools in the proper place.
& Tire pressure monitoring
system (TPMS) (U.S.-spec. models)
5-door models (except WRX STI)
14. Store the flat tire in the spare tire compartment. Put in the spacer and tight- en the attaching bolt firmly. Also store the jack, jack handle and wheel
Turbo models
– CONTINUED –
the tire pressure sensors. If the light illuminates steadily after blinking for approximately one min- ute, promptly contact a SUBARU dealer to have the system inspected.
9-10 In case of emergency
Non-turbo models
that
The tire pressure monitoring system pro- vides the driver with the warning message indicated by sending a signal from a sensor is installed in each wheel when tire pressure is severely low. The tire pressure monitoring system will activate only when the vehicle is driven. Also, this system may not react immedi- ately to a sudden drop in tire pressure (for example, a blow-out caused running over a sharp object).
WARNING
If the low tire pressure warning light illuminates while driving, never brake suddenly and keep driving straight ahead while gradually redu-
cing speed. Then slowly pull off the road to a safe place. Otherwise an accident involving serious vehicle damage and serious personal injury could occur. Check the pressure for all four tires and adjust the pressure to the COLD tire pressure shown on the vehicle placard on the door pillar on the driver’s side. If this light still illumi- nates while driving after adjusting the tire pressure, a tire may have significant damage and a fast leak that causes the tire to lose air rapidly. If you have a flat tire, replace it with a spare tire as soon as possible. When a spare tire is mounted or a wheel rim is replaced without the original pressure sensor/transmitter being transferred, the low tire pres- sure warning light will illuminate steadily after blinking for approxi- mately one minute. This indicates the TPMS is unable to monitor all four road wheels. Contact your SUBARU dealer as soon as possible for tire and sensor replacement and/ or system resetting. Do not inject any tire liquid or aerosol tire sealant into the tires, as this may cause a malfunction of
Jump starting
WARNING
. Battery fluid is SULFURIC ACID. Do not let it come in contact with the eyes, skin, clothing or the vehicle. If battery fluid gets on you, thoroughly flush the exposed area with water immediately. Get medical help if the fluid has entered your eyes. If battery fluid is accidentally swallowed, immediately drink a large amount of milk or water, and obtain immediate medical help. Keep everyone including chil- dren away from the battery.
. The gas generated by a battery explodes if a flame or spark is brought near it. Do not smoke or light a match while jump starting. . Never attempt jump starting if the discharged battery is frozen. It could cause the battery to burst or explode.
. Whenever working on or around a battery, always wear suitable
eye protectors, and remove metal objects such as rings, bands or other metal jewelry.
. Be sure the jumper cables and clamps on them do not have loose or missing insulation. Do not jump start unless cables in suitable condition are avail- able.
. A running engine can be danger- ous. Keep your fingers, hands, clothing, hair and tools away from the cooling fan, belts and any other moving engine parts. Removing rings, watches and ties is advisable.
. Jump starting is dangerous if it done incorrectly. If you are un- sure about the proper procedure for jump starting, consult a com- petent mechanic.
When your vehicle does not start due to a run down (discharged) battery, the vehicle may be jump started by connecting your battery to another battery (called the booster battery) with jumper cables.
In case of emergency 9-11
& How to jump start
1. Make sure the booster battery is 12
volts and the negative terminal
is
grounded.
2.
the booster battery is in another
vehicle, do not let the two vehicles touch.
3. Turn off all unnecessary lights and
accessories.
4. Connect the jumper cables exactly in
the sequence illustrated.
If
– CONTINUED –
9-12 In case of emergency
the other end of
(1) Connect one jumper cable to the positive (+) terminal on the discharged battery. (2) Connect the jumper cable to the positive (+) term- inal of the booster battery. (3) Connect one end of the other cable to the negative (−) terminal of the booster battery. (4) Connect the other end of the cable to the strut mounting nut of the vehicle with the discharged battery.
Make sure that the cables are not near any moving parts and that the cable clamps are not in contact with any other metal. 5. Start the engine of the vehicle with the booster battery and run it at moderate speed. Then start the engine of the vehicle that has the discharged battery. 6. When finished, carefully disconnect the cables in exactly the reverse order.
Engine overheating
WARNING
Never attempt to remove the radia- tor cap until the engine has been shut off and has fully cooled down. When the engine is hot, the coolant is under pressure. Removing the cap while the engine is still hot could release a spray of boiling hot coolant, which could burn you very seriously.
If the engine overheats, safely pull off the road and stop the vehicle in a safe place.
& If steam is coming from the
engine compartment
Turn off the engine and get everyone away from the vehicle until it cools down.
& If no steam is coming from
the engine compartment 1. Keep the engine running at speed. 2. Open the hood to ventilate the engine compartment. Confirm that the cooling fan is turning. If the fan is not turning, immediately turn off
idling
the engine and contact your authorized dealer for repair. 3. After the engine coolant temperature has dropped, turn off the engine. the If the temperature gauge stays at the overheated zone (turbo model) or coolant temperature high warning light illuminates (non-turbo model), turn off the engine. 4. After the engine has fully cooled down, check the coolant in the reserve tank. is below the “LOW” If the coolant level mark, add coolant up to the “FULL” mark. 5. If there is no coolant in the reserve tank, add coolant to the reserve tank. Then remove the radiator cap and fill the radiator with coolant.
level
If you remove the radiator cap from a hot radiator, first wrap a thick cloth around the radiator cap, then turn the cap counter- clockwise slowly without pressing down until it stops. Release the pressure from the radiator. After the pressure has been fully released, remove the cap by pressing down and turning it.
In case of emergency 9-13
Towing
If towing is necessary, it is best done by your SUBARU dealer or a commercial towing service. Observe the following procedures for safety.
WARNING
Never tow AWD vehicles (both AT and MT) with the front wheels raised off the ground while the rear wheels are on the ground, or with the rear wheels raised off the ground while the front wheels are on the ground. This will cause the vehicle to spin away due to the operation or dete- rioration of the center differential.
– CONTINUED –
9-14 In case of emergency
& Towing and tie-down hooks The towing hooks should be used only in an emergency (e.g., to free a stuck vehicle from mud, sand or snow).
CAUTION
. Use only the specified towing hook and tie-down hook. Never use suspension parts or other parts of the body for towing or tie-down purposes.
. To prevent deformation to the front bumper and the towing hook, do not apply excessive lateral load to the towing hook.
Front towing hook (except WRX STI): 1. Take the towing hook out of the tool bucket and take the screwdriver out of the tool bag. Take the jack handle out of the trunk (4-door) or cargo area (5-door).
2. Pry off the cover on the front bumper using a screwdriver, and you will find a threaded hole for attaching the towing hook.
4. Tighten the towing hook securely using the jack handle.
Front towing hook (WRX STI): 1. Take the towing hook out of the tool bucket and take the screwdriver out of the tool bag. Take the jack handle out of the cargo area.
3. Screw the towing hook into the thread hole until its thread can no longer be seen.
and pry open the cover.
Vehicles with fog lights
3. Screw the towing hook into the threaded hole until its threads can no longer be seen.
In case of emergency 9-15
After towing, remove the towing hook from the vehicle and stow it in the tool bucket. Fit the towing hook cover on the bumper.
WARNING
. Do not use the towing hook except when towing your vehicle. . Be sure to remove the towing hook after towing. Leaving the towing hook mounted on the vehicle could interfere with prop- er operation of the SRS airbag system in a frontal collision.
Vehicles without fog lights
2. Cover the tip of a flat-head screwdriver with vinyl tape or cloth so that it will not scratch the bumper. Insert the flat-head screwdriver into the cutout of the cover
4. Tighten the towing hook securely using the jack handle.
– CONTINUED –
9-16 In case of emergency
Rear towing hook: 1. Take the towing hook out of the tool bucket and take the screwdriver out of the tool bag. Take the jack handle out of the trunk (4-door) or cargo area (5-door).
3. Screw the towing hook into the thread hole until its thread can no longer be seen.
2. Pry off the cover on the rear bumper using a screwdriver, and you will find a threaded hole for attaching the towing hook.
4. Tighten the towing hook securely using the jack handle.
After towing, remove the towing hook from
the vehicle and stow it in the tool bucket. Fit the towing hook cover on the bumper.
WARNING
Do not use the towing hook except when towing your vehicle.
Front tie-down hooks:
The front tie-down hooks are located between each of the front tires and the front bumper.
Rear tie-down hooks:
& Using a flat-bed truck
The rear tie-down hooks are located near each of the jack-up reinforcements.
WARNING
Use the rear tie-down hooks only for downward anchoring. they are used to anchor the vehicle in any other direction, cables may slip off the hooks, possibly causing a dan- gerous situation.
If
This is the best way to transport your vehicle. Use the following procedures to ensure safe transportation. the selector lever into the “P” 1. Shift position for AT vehicles or “1st” for MT vehicles. 2. Pull up the parking brake lever firmly. 3. Secure the vehicle onto the carrier properly with safety chains. Each safety chain should be equally tightened and care must be taken not to pull the chains so tightly that the suspension bottoms out.
In case of emergency 9-17
CAUTION
If your vehicle has a front under- spoiler and rear underspoiler (both optional), be careful not to scrape them when placing the vehicle on the carrier and when removing the vehicle from the carrier.
& Towing with all wheels on the
ground
1. Check the transmission and differen- tial oil levels and add oil to bring it to the upper level if necessary. 2. Release the parking brake and put the transmission in neutral. 3. The ignition switch should be in the “Acc” position while the vehicle is being – CONTINUED –
9-18 In case of emergency
towed. 4. Take up slack in the towline slowly to prevent damage to the vehicle.
WARNING
. Never turn the ignition switch to the “LOCK” position while the vehicle is being towed because the steering wheel and the direc- tion of the wheels will be locked. . Remember that the brake booster and power steering do not func- tion when the engine is not running. Because the engine is turned off, take greater effort to operate the brake pedal and steering wheel.
it will
CAUTION
. If
transmission failure occurs, transport your vehicle on a flat- bed truck.
. Do not run the engine while being towed using this method. Trans- mission damage could result if the vehicle is towed with the engine running.
. For vehicles with automatic transmission, the traveling speed
must be limited to less than 20
mph (30 km/h) and the traveling
distance to less than 31 miles (50
km). For greater speeds and
distances, transport your vehicle
on a flat-bed truck.
Rear gate – if the rear gate cannot be unlocked
In the event that you cannot unlock the rear gate by operating the power door locking switches or the remote keyless entry system, you can unlock it from inside the cargo area.
1. Remove the access cover at bottom-center of the rear gate trim. 2. Locate the rear gate lock release lever behind the rear gate trim panel.
the
CAUTION
Never operate the rear gate lock release lever with fingers because doing so may cause an injury. Al- ways use a flat-head screwdriver or
a similar tool.
Moonroof – if moonroof can- not be closed
If the moonroof cannot be closed with the moonroof switch, you can close the moon- roof manually. 1. Take out screwdriver from the tool bag.
the hex-head wrench and
In case of emergency 9-19
3. To unlock the rear gate, turn the lever to the right position using a flat-head screwdriver or a similar tool. 4. Open the rear gate from outside by raising the rear gate handle.
2. Remove the spotlight lens by prying the edge of the lens using flat-head screwdriver.
3. Remove the two screws that retain the moonroof switch body. Then, remove the moonroof switch.
Insert
the wrench in the end of
4. motor shaft. To lower the moonroof, turn the wrench – CONTINUED –
the
9-20 In case of emergency
clockwise. To close the moonroof, turn the wrench counterclockwise.
Have your vehicle checked and repaired by an authorized SUBARU dealer.
Maintenance tools
& Jack handle
Your vehicle is equipped with the following maintenance tools:
Jack Jack handle Screwdriver Towing hook (eye bolt) Wheel nut wrench Hex-head wrench (vehicle with moon- roof)
1) 2)
4-door 5-door
The jack handle is stored under the floor cover of the trunk (4-door) or the cargo area (5-door).
& Jack and other maintenance
tools
In case of emergency 9-21
1) 2)
Jack Towing hook
1) 2)
4-door 5-door
1) Screwdriver 2) Wheel nut wrench 3) Hex-head wrench (vehicle with moon-
roof) Tool bag
4)
The jack and towing hook are stored in the tool bucket that is located in the recess of the spare tire wheel under the floor of the trunk (4-door) or the cargo area (5-door). The screwdriver and wheel nut wrench are stored in the tool bag. For how to use the jack, refer to “Flat tires” F9-4.
Appearance care
Exterior care ....................................................... 10-2
Washing............................................................. 10-2
Waxing and polishing ......................................... 10-3
Cleaning aluminum wheels ................................. 10-3
Corrosion protection.......................................... 10-4
Most common causes of corrosion ..................... 10-4
To help prevent corrosion................................... 10-4
Cleaning the interior.......................................... Seat fabric......................................................... Leather seat materials........................................ Synthetic leather upholstery............................... Climate control panel, audio panel, instrument
panel, console panel, and switches .................. Navigation monitor (if equipped) ........................
10-5
10-5
10-5
10-5
10-5
10-6
10
10-2 Appearance care
Exterior care & Washing
CAUTION
. When washing the vehicle, the brakes may get wet. As a result, the brake stopping distance will be longer. To dry the brakes, drive the vehicle at a safe speed while lightly depressing the brake pedal to heat up the brakes.
. Do not wash the engine compart- ment and area adjacent to it. If water enters the engine air in- take, electrical parts or the power steering fluid reservoir, it will cause engine trouble or a mal- function of power steering.
. For 5-door models, since your vehicle is equipped with a rear wiper, automatic car-wash brushes could become tangled around it, damaging the wiper arm and other components. Ask the automatic car-wash operator not to let the brushes touch the wiper arm or to fix the wiper arm on the rear window glass with adhesive tape before operating the machine.
NOTE When having your vehicle washed in an automatic car wash, make sure beforehand that the car wash is of suitable type. The best way to preserve your vehicle’s beauty is frequent washing. Wash the vehicle at least once a month to avoid contamination by road grime.
Wash dirt off with a wet sponge and plenty of lukewarm or cold water. Do not wash the vehicle with hot water and in direct sunlight.
insects,
Salt, chemicals, tree sap, and bird droppings should be washed off by using a light detergent, as required. If you use a light detergent, make certain
tar, soot,
that it is a neutral detergent. Do not use strong soap or chemical detergents. All cleaning agents should be promptly flushed from the surface and not allowed to dry there. Rinse the vehicle thoroughly with plenty of lukewarm water. Wipe the remaining water off with a chamois or soft cloth. ! Washing the underbody Chemicals, salts and gravel used for deicing road surfaces are extremely cor- rosive, accelerating the corrosion of un- derbody components, such as the exhaust system, fuel and brake lines, brake cables, floor pan and fenders, and sus- pension. Thoroughly flush the underbody and in- side of the fenders with lukewarm or cold water at frequent intervals to reduce the harmful effects of such agents.
Mud and sand adhering to the underbody components may accelerate their corro- sion. After driving off-road or on muddy or sandy roads, wash the mud and sand off the underbody. Carefully flush the suspen- sion and axle parts, as they are particu- larly prone to mud and sand buildup. Do not use a sharp-edged tool to remove caked mud.
Appearance care 10-3
& Cleaning aluminum wheels . Promptly wipe the aluminum wheels clean of any kind of grime or agent. If dirt is left on too long, it may be difficult to clean off. . Do not use soap containing grit to clean the wheels. Be sure to use a neutral cleaning agent, and later rinse thoroughly with water. Do not clean the wheels with a stiff brush or expose them to a high-speed washing device. . Clean the vehicle (including the alumi- num wheels) with water as soon as possible when it has been splashed with sea water, exposed to sea breezes, or driven on roads treated with salt or other agents.
NOTE Be careful not to damage brake hoses, sensor harnesses, and other parts when washing suspension compo- nents. ! Using a warm water washer . Keep a good distance of 12 in (30 cm) or more between the washer nozzle and the vehicle. . Do not wash the same area continu- ously. . If a stain will not come out easily, wash by hand. Some warm water washers are of the high temperature, high pressure type, and they can damage or deform the resin parts such as moldings, or cause water to leak into the vehicle.
& Waxing and polishing Always wash and dry the vehicle before waxing and polishing. Use a good quality polish and wax and apply them according to the manufac- turer’s instructions. Wax or polish when the painted surface is cool.
Be sure to polish and wax the chrome trim, as well as the painted surfaces. Loss of wax on a painted surface leads to loss of the original luster and also quickens the deterioration of the surface. It is recom-
mended that a coat of wax be applied at least once a month, or whenever the surface no longer repels water.
If the appearance of the paint has dimin- ished to the point where the luster or tone cannot be restored, lightly polish the surface with a fine-grained compound. Never polish just the affected area, but include the surrounding area as well. Always polish in only one direction. A No. 2000 grain compound is recom- mended. Never use a coarse-grained compound. Coarse-grained compounds have a smaller grain-size number and could damage the paint. After polishing with a compound, coat with wax to restore the original luster. Frequent polishing with a compound or an incorrect polishing technique will result in removing the paint layer and exposing the undercoat. When in doubt, it is always best to contact your SUBARU dealer or an auto paint specia- list. NOTE Be careful not to block the windshield washer nozzles with wax when waxing the vehicle.
10-4 Appearance care
Corrosion protection
Your SUBARU has been designed and built to resist corrosion. Special materials and protective finishes have been used on most parts of the vehicle to help maintain fine appearance, strength, and reliable operation.
& Most common causes of
corrosion
The most common causes of corrosion are: 1. The accumulation of moisture retain- ing dirt and debris in body panel sections, cavities, and other areas. 2. Damage to paint and other protective coatings caused by gravel and stone chips or minor accidents.
Corrosion is accelerated on the vehicle when: 1. is exposed to road salt or dust It control chemicals, or used in coastal areas where there is more salt in the air, or in areas where there is considerable industrial pollution. 2. It is driven in areas of high humidity, especially when temperatures range just above freezing. 3. Dampness in certain parts of the vehicle remains for a long time, even
though other parts of the vehicle may be dry. 4. High temperatures will cause corro- sion to parts of the vehicle which cannot dry quickly due to lack of proper ventila- tion.
& To help prevent corrosion Wash the vehicle regularly to prevent corrosion of the body and suspension components. Also, wash the vehicle promptly after driving on any of the following surfaces: . roads that have been salted to prevent them from freezing in winter . mud, sand, or gravel . coastal roads
After the winter has ended, it is recom- mended that the underbody be given a very thorough washing.
Before the beginning of winter, check the condition of underbody components, such as the exhaust system, fuel and brake lines, brake cables, suspension, steering system, floor pan, and fenders. If any of them are found to be rusted, they should be given an appropriate rust prevention treatment or should be replaced. Contact your SUBARU dealer to perform this kind of maintenance and treatment if you need
assistance.
Repair chips and scratches in the paint as soon as you find them.
Check the interior of the vehicle for water and dirt accumulation under the floor mats because that could cause corrosion. Occasionally check under the mats to make sure the area is dry. Keep your garage dry. Do not park your vehicle in a damp, poorly ventilated garage. In such a garage, corrosion can be caused by dampness. If you wash the vehicle in the garage or put the vehicle into the garage when wet or covered with snow, that can cause dampness.
If your vehicle is operated in cold weather and/or in areas where road salts and other corrosive materials are used, the door hinges and locks, trunk lid lock, and hood latch should be inspected and lubricated periodically.
Cleaning the interior
Use a soft, damp cloth to clean the climate control panel, audio equipment, instru- ment panel, center console, combination meter panel, and switches. (Do not use organic solvents.)
& Seat fabric Remove loose dirt, dust or debris with a vacuum cleaner. If the dirt is caked on the fabric or hard to remove with a vacuum cleaner, use a soft brush then vacuum it. Wipe the fabric surface with a tightly wrung cloth and dry the seat fabric thoroughly. If the fabric is still dirty, wipe using a solution of mild soap and luke- warm water then dry thoroughly.
the stain does not come out,
try a If commercially-available fabric cleaner. Use the cleaner on a hidden place and make sure it does not affect the fabric adversely. Use the cleaner according to its instruc- tions. NOTE When cleaning the seat, do not use benzine, paint thinner, or any similar materials.
& Leather seat materials The leather used by SUBARU is a high quality natural product which will retain its distinctive appearance and feel for many years with proper care. Allowing dust or road dirt to build up on the surface can cause the material to become brittle and to wear prematurely. Regular cleaning with a soft, moist, natural fiber cloth should be performed monthly, taking care not to soak the leather or allow water to penetrate the stitched seams. A mild detergent suitable for cleaning woolen fabrics may be used to remove difficult dirt spots, rubbing with a soft, dry cloth afterwards to restore the luster. If your SUBARU is to be parked for a long time in bright sunlight, it is recommended the seats and head restraints be that covered, or to prevent fading or shrinkage. Minor surface blemishes or bald patches may be treated with a commercial leather spray lacquer. You will discover that each leather seat section will develop soft folds or wrinkles, which is characteristic of genuine leather.
the windows shaded,
Appearance care 10-5
& Synthetic leather upholstery The synthetic leather material used on the SUBARU may be cleaned using mild soap or detergent and water, after first vacuum- ing or brushing away loose dirt. Allow the soap to soak in for a few minutes and wipe off with a clean, damp cloth. Commercial foam-type cleaners suitable for synthetic leather materials may be used when necessary. NOTE Strong cleaning agents such as sol- vents, paint thinners, window cleaner or gasoline must never be used on leather or synthetic interior materials.
& Climate control panel, audio
panel, instrument panel, console panel, and switches Use a soft, damp cloth to clean the climate control panel, audio equipment, instru- ment panel, center console, combination meter panel, and switches. NOTE Do not use organic solvents such as paint thinners or gasoline, or strong cleaning agents that contain those solvents.
– CONTINUED –
10-6 Appearance care
& Navigation monitor (if
equipped)
To clean the navigation monitor, wipe it with a silicone cloth or with a soft cloth. If the navigation monitor is extremely dirty, clean it with a soft cloth moistened with neutral detergent then carefully wipe off any remaining detergent. NOTE . Do not spray neutral detergent di- rectly onto the monitor. Doing so could damage the monitor’s components. . Do not wipe the monitor with a hard cloth. Doing so could scratch the monitor. . Do not use cleaning fluid that con- tains thinner, gasoline, or any other volatile substance. Such cleaning fluid could erase the lettering on the switches at the bottom of the monitor.
Maintenance schedule ....................................... 11-3
Maintenance precautions................................... 11-3
Before checking or servicing in the engine
11-4
compartment.................................................... When you do checking or servicing in the engine compartment while the engine is running..........
Non-turbo models .............................................. Turbo models except WRX STI............................ WRX STI ............................................................
11-4
Engine hood ....................................................... 11-5
Engine compartment overview.......................... 11-6
11-6
11-7
11-8
Engine oil............................................................ 11-9
11-9
11-10
11-12
Checking the oil level ......................................... Changing the oil and oil filter............................ Recommended grade and viscosity .................. Recommended grade and viscosity under severe driving conditions .......................................... Synthetic oil.....................................................
11-13
11-13
Cooling system ................................................ 11-13
11-13
11-14
Air cleaner element .......................................... 11-17
11-17
Spark plugs ...................................................... 11-19
11-19
Drive belts ........................................................ 11-20
Manual transmission oil .................................. 11-20
11-20
11-21
Checking the oil level ....................................... Recommended grade and viscosity ..................
Cooling fan, hose and connections................... Engine coolant .................................................
Replacing the air cleaner element .....................
Recommended spark plugs ..............................
Maintenance and service
Automatic transmission fluid.......................... Checking the fluid level.................................... Recommended fluid ......................................... Front differential gear oil (AT vehicles).......... Checking the oil level ...................................... Recommended grade and viscosity .................. Rear differential gear oil.................................. Checking the gear oil level............................... Recommended grade and viscosity .................. Power steering fluid ........................................ Checking the fluid level.................................... Recommended fluid ......................................... Brake fluid........................................................ Checking the fluid level.................................... Recommended brake fluid ............................... Clutch fluid (MT vehicles) ............................... Checking the fluid level.................................... Recommended clutch fluid............................... Brake booster .................................................. Brake pedal ...................................................... Checking the brake pedal free play .................. Checking the brake pedal reserve distance....... Clutch pedal (MT vehicles).............................. Checking the clutch function............................ Checking the clutch pedal free play..................
Hill start assist system (MT vehicles – if
equipped) ...................................................... Replacement of brake pad and lining ............ Breaking-in of new brake pads and linings .......
11-22
11-22
11-23
11-23
11-23
11-24
11-24
11-24
11-25
11-26
11-26
11-27
11-27
11-27
11-28
11-28
11-28
11-29
11-29
11-30
11-30
11-30
11-30
11-30
11-31
11-31
11-31
11-32
11
Maintenance and service
Parking brake stroke........................................ 11-32
Tires and wheels .............................................. 11-33
11-33
Types of tires ................................................... Tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS)
(if equipped)................................................... Tire inspection ................................................. Tire pressures and wear ................................... Wheel balance.................................................. Wear indicators ................................................ Tire rotation direction mark .............................. Tire rotation ..................................................... Tire replacement .............................................. Wheel replacement...........................................
11-33
11-34
11-35
11-37
11-37
11-37
11-38
11-38
11-39
Aluminum wheels............................................. 11-39
Windshield washer fluid .................................. 11-40
Replacement of wiper blades.......................... 11-41
11-41
Windshield wiper blade assembly ..................... Windshield wiper blade rubber
(type A and type B) ........................................ Rear window wiper blade assembly ..................
11-42
11-43
Rear window wiper blade rubber ...................... Battery .............................................................. Fuses ................................................................ Main fuse.......................................................... Installation of accessories .............................. Replacing bulbs ............................................... Headlights (WRX STI)....................................... Headlight (except WRX STI) ............................. Front turn signal light ...................................... Front fog light (if equipped).............................. Rear combination lights ................................... Back-up light (5-door) ...................................... License plate light ........................................... Map light ......................................................... Dome light and cargo area light ....................... Trunk light ....................................................... High mount stop light (4-door) ......................... Other bulbs .....................................................
11-43
11-45
11-46
11-47
11-47
11-48
11-49
11-50
11-52
11-52
11-52
11-54
11-54
11-55
11-56
11-56
11-56
11-56
Maintenance schedule
Maintenance precautions
The scheduled maintenance items re- quired to be serviced at regular intervals are shown in the “Warranty and Main- tenance Booklet”.
For details of your maintenance schedule, read the separate “Warranty and Main- tenance Booklet”.
When maintenance and service are re- quired, it is recommended that all work be done by an authorized SUBARU dealer.
If you perform maintenance and service by yourself, you should familiarize yourself with the information provided in this section on general maintenance and service for your SUBARU.
Incorrect or incomplete service could cause improper or unsafe vehicle opera- tion. Any problems caused by improper maintenance and service performed by you are not eligible for warranty coverage.
WARNING
. Testing of an All-Wheel Drive vehicle must NEVER be per- formed on a single two-wheel dynamometer or similar appara- tus. Attempting to do so will result in transmission damage and in uncontrolled vehicle movement and may cause an accident or injuries to persons nearby.
. Always select a safe area when performing maintenance on your vehicle.
Maintenance and service 11-3
. Always be very careful to avoid injury when working on the vehi- cle. Remember that some of the materials in the vehicle may be hazardous if improperly used or handled, for example, battery acid.
. Your vehicle should only be ser- viced by persons fully competent to do so. Serious personal injury may result to persons not experi- enced in servicing vehicles.
. Always use the proper tools and make certain that they are well maintained.
. Never get under the vehicle sup- ported only by a jack. Always use safety stands to support the vehicle.
. Never keep the engine running in a poorly ventilated area, such as a garage or other closed areas.
. Do not smoke or allow open flames around the fuel or battery. This will cause a fire.
. Because the fuel system is under pressure, replacement of the fuel filter should be performed only by your SUBARU dealer.
. Wear adequate eye protection to
– CONTINUED –
& When you do checking or
servicing in the engine com- partment while the engine is running
WARNING
A running engine can be dangerous. Keep your fingers, hands, clothing, hair and tools away from the cooling fan, belts and any other moving engine parts. Removing rings, watches and ties is advisable.
11-4 Maintenance and service
in your eyes,
guard against getting oil or fluids in your eyes. If something does get thoroughly wash them out with clean water. . Do not tamper with the wiring of the SRS airbag system or seat- belt pretensioner system, or at- tempt to take its connectors apart, as that may activate the system or it can render it inop- erative. The wiring and connec- tors of these systems are yellow for easy identification. NEVER use a circuit tester for this wiring. If your SRS airbag or seatbelt pretensioner needs service, con- sult your nearest SUBARU deal- er.
& Before checking or servicing
in the engine compartment
WARNING
. Always stop the engine and set the parking brake firmly to pre- vent the vehicle from moving.
. Always let the engine cool down. Engine parts become very hot when the engine is running and remain hot for some time after the engine is stopped.
. Do not spill engine oil, engine coolant, brake fluid or any other fluid on hot engine components. This may cause a fire.
. Always remove the key from the ignition switch. When the ignition switch is in the “ON” position, the cooling fan may operate suddenly even when the engine is stopped.
. Before performing any servicing on a vehicle equipped with a remote engine start system (a dealer option) temporarily place that system in the service mode to prevent it from unexpectedly starting the engine.
Maintenance and service 11-5
WARNING
Always check that the hood is properly locked before you start driving. If it is not, it might fly open while the vehicle is moving and block your view, which may cause an accident and serious bodily in- jury.
Engine hood
To open the hood: 1. If the wiper blades are lifted off the windshield, return them to their original position.
2. Pull the hood release knob under the instrument panel.
3. Release the secondary hood release by moving the lever between the front grille and the hood toward the left. 4. Lift up the hood.
To close the hood: 1. Lower the hood to a height of approxi- mately 5.9 in (15 cm) above its closed position and then let it drop. 2. After closing the hood, be sure the hood is securely locked.
If this does not close the hood, release it from a slightly higher position. Do not push the hood forcibly to close it. It could deform the metal.
11-6 Maintenance and service
Engine compartment overview & Non-turbo models
1) Power steering fluid reservoir
(page 11-26)
2) Manual transmission oil level gauge (MT) (page 11-20) or Differential gear oil level gauge (AT) (page 11-23)
3) Clutch fluid reservoir (page 11-28) 4) Automatic transmission fluid level gauge
(page 11-22)
Fuse box (page 11-46)
5) Brake fluid reservoir (page 11-27) 6) 7) Battery (page 11-45) 8) Windshield washer tank (page 11-40) 9) Engine oil filler cap (page 11-9) 10) Engine coolant reservoir (page 11-14) 11) Radiator cap (page 11-14) 12) Engine oil level gauge (page 11-9) 13) Air cleaner element (page 11-17)
& Turbo models except WRX STI
Maintenance and service 11-7
1) Power steering fluid reservoir
(page 11-26)
2) Manual transmission oil level gauge (MT) (page 11-20) or Differential gear oil level gauge (AT) (page 11-23)
3) Clutch fluid reservoir (page 11-28) 4) Automatic transmission fluid level gauge
(page 11-22)
Fuse box (page 11-46)
5) Brake fluid reservoir (page 11-27) 6) 7) Battery (page 11-45) 8) Windshield washer tank (page 11-40) 9) Engine oil filler cap (page 11-9) 10) Engine coolant reservoir (page 11-14) 11) Engine oil level gauge (page 11-9) 12) Radiator cap (page 11-14) 13) Air cleaner element (page 11-17)
– CONTINUED –
11-8 Maintenance and service
& WRX STI
1) Power steering fluid reservoir
(page 11-26)
Fuse box (page 11-46)
2) Clutch fluid reservoir (page 11-28) 3) Brake fluid reservoir (page 11-27) 4) 5) Battery (page 11-45) 6) Windshield washer tank (page 11-40) 7) Engine oil filler cap (page 11-9) 8) Engine coolant reservoir (page 11-14) 9) Engine oil level gauge (page 11-9) 10) Radiator cap (page 11-14) 11) Air cleaner element (page 11-17)
Engine oil
NOTE
. The engine oil consumption rate is
not stabilized, and therefore cannot be
determined until the vehicle has tra-
veled at least several thousand miles
(kilometers). Even after break-in, when
the vehicle is used under severe driv-
ing conditions such as those men-
tioned in the Warranty and Mainte-
nance Booklet, engine oil is consumed
or deteriorated more quickly than un-
der normal driving conditions.
If you
drive your vehicle under these severe
conditions, you should check the oil
level at least at every second fuel fill-up
time, and change the oil more fre-
quently. Please refer to the Warranty
and Maintenance Booklet for more de-
tails.
. If the oil consumption rate seems
abnormally high after the break-in
period, for example more than 1 quart
per 1,200 miles or 1 liter per 2,000
kilometers, contact your SUBARU deal-
er.
Maintenance and service 11-9
& Checking the oil level Check the engine oil stop. 1. Park the vehicle on a level surface and stop the engine.
level at each fuel
2. Pull out the level gauge that has the “ ” symbol on top, wipe it clean, and insert it again. 3. Be sure the level gauge is correctly inserted until it stops.
1) Notch 2) Upper level 3) Lower level
4. Pull out the level gauge again and check the oil level on it. If it is below the lower level, add oil to bring the level up to the upper level.
CAUTION
. Use only engine oil with the recommended grade and vis- cosity.
. Be careful not to spill engine oil when adding it. If oil touches the exhaust pipe, it may cause a bad smell, smoke, and/or a fire. If engine oil gets on the exhaust
– CONTINUED –
11-10 Maintenance and service
pipe, be sure to wipe it off.
If you check the oil level just after stopping the engine, wait a few minutes for the oil to drain back into the oil pan before checking the level. Just after driving or while the engine is warm, the engine oil level reading may be in a range between the upper level and the notch mark. This is caused by thermal expansion of the engine oil. To prevent overfilling the engine oil, do not add any additional oil above the upper level when the engine is cold. & Changing the oil and oil filter Change the oil and oil filter according to the maintenance schedule in the “War- ranty and Maintenance Booklet”. The engine oil and oil filter must be changed more frequently than listed in the maintenance schedule when driving on dusty roads, when short trips are frequently made, or when driving in extremely cold weather. 1. Warm up the engine by letting the engine idle for approximately 10 minutes to ease draining the engine oil. 2. Park the vehicle on a level surface and stop the engine. 3. Remove the oil filler cap.
properly.
WARNING
Be careful not to burn yourself with hot engine oil.
5. Wipe the seating surface of the drain plug with a clean cloth and tighten it securely with a new sealing washer after the oil has completely drained out. 6. Remove the under cover.
Turbo models
Turbo models
Non-turbo models
4. Drain out the engine oil by removing the drain plug while the engine is still warm. The used oil should be drained into an appropriate container and disposed of
Oil filter color Part number
Amount of
rotation
Black
Blue
15208AA100
1 rotation
15208AA12A
7/8
rotation
CAUTION
. Never over tighten the oil filter because that can result in an oil leak.
. Thoroughly wipe off any engine oil that has spilled over the exhaust pipe and/or under-cover. If spilled oil is not promptly wiped up, the oil could cause a fire.
11. Reinstall under cover. 12. Pour engine oil through the filler neck.
Oil capacity (guideline):
4.2 US qt (4.0 liters, 3.5 Imp qt)
The oil quantity indicated above is only guideline. The necessary quantity of oil depends on the quantity of oil that has been drained. The quantity of drained oil differs slightly depending on the temperature of the oil
Maintenance and service 11-11
and the time the oil is left flowing out. After refilling the engine with oil, therefore, you must use the level gauge to confirm that the level is correct. 13. Start the engine and make sure that no oil leaks appear around the filter’s rubber seal and drain plug. 14. Run the engine until it reaches the normal operating temperature. Then stop the engine and wait a few minutes to allow the oil drain back. Check the oil level again and if necessary, add more engine oil.
CAUTION
Be careful not to spill engine oil If oil touches the when adding it. exhaust pipe, it may cause a bad smell, smoke, and/or a fire.
– CONTINUED –
Non-turbo models
7. Remove the oil filter with an oil filter wrench. 8. Before installing a new oil filter, apply a thin coat of engine oil to the seal. 9. Clean the rubber seal seating area of the bottom of engine and install the oil filter by hand turning. Be careful not to twist or damage the seal. 10. Tighten the oil filter by the amount indicated in the following table after the seal makes contact with the bottom of engine.
11-12 Maintenance and service
& Recommended grade and
viscosity
capabilities
Oil grade:
ILSAC GF-4, which can be identified with the ILSAC Certification Mark (Starburst Mark)