Login- Download PDF Manual
-
indicators, the temporary use spare tire needs to be replaced. Be sure to follow the warnings which apply to your spare. Failure to do so could result in spare tire failure and loss of vehicle control.
CAUTION!
Because of the reduced ground clearance, do not take your vehicle through an automatic car wash with the compact spare installed. Damage to the vehicle may result.
310 STARTING AND OPERATING
Limited Use Spare — If Equipped The limited use spare tire is for temporary emergency use on your vehicle. This tire is identified by a limited use spare tire warning label located on the limited use spare tire and wheel assembly. This tire may look like the original equipped tire on the front or rear axle of your vehicle, but it is not. Installation of this limited use spare tire affects vehicle handling. Since it is not the same tire, replace (or repair) the original tire and reinstall on the vehicle at the first opportunity.
WARNING!
The limited use spare tires are for emergency use only. Installation of this limited use spare tire affects vehicle handling. With this tire, do not drive more than 60 mph (100 km/h). Keep inflated to the cold tire inflation pressure listed on either your tire placard or limited use spare tire and wheel assembly. Replace (or repair) the original tire at the first opportunity and reinstall it on your vehicle. Failure to do so could result in loss of vehicle control.
Tire Spinning When stuck in mud, sand, snow, or ice conditions, do not spin your vehicle’s wheels above 35 mph (55 km/h). See the paragraph on Freeing A Stuck Vehicle in Section 6 of this manual.
WARNING!
Fast spinning tires can be dangerous. Forces gener- ated by excessive wheel speeds may cause tire dam- age or failure. A tire could explode and injure someone. Do not spin your vehicle’s wheels faster than 35 mph (55 km/h) when you are stuck. And don’t let anyone near a spinning wheel, no matter what the speed.
Tread Wear Indicators Tread wear indicators are in the original equipment tires to help you in determining when your tires should be replaced.
STARTING AND OPERATING 311
These indicators are molded into the bottom of the tread grooves and will appear as bands when the tread depth becomes 1/16 inch (2 mm). When the tread is worn to the tread wear indicators, the tire should be replaced. Many states have laws requiring tire replacement at this point.
312 STARTING AND OPERATING
Life of Tire The service life of a tire is dependent upon varying factors including but not limited to: • Driving style • Tire pressure • Distance driven
WARNING!
Tires and spare tire should be replaced after six years, regardless of the remaining tread. Failure to follow this warning can result in sudden tire failure. You could lose control and have an accident result- ing in serious injury or death.
Keep unmounted tires in a cool, dry place with as little exposure to light as possible. Protect tires from contact with oil, grease and gasoline. Replacement Tires The tires on your new vehicle provide a balance of many characteristics. They should be inspected regularly for wear and correct cold tire inflation pressure. The manu- facturer strongly recommends that you use tires equiva- lent to the originals in size, quality and performance when replacement is needed (see the paragraph on tread wear indicators). Refer to the Tire and Loading Informa- tion placard for the size designation of your tire. The service description and load identification will be found on the original equipment tire. Failure to use equivalent replacement tires may adversely affect the safety, han- dling, and ride of your vehicle. We recommend that you contact your original equipment or an authorized tire dealer with any questions you may have on tire specifi- cations or capability.
WARNING!
• Do not use a tire, wheel size or rating other than that specified for your vehicle. Some combinations of unapproved tires and wheels may change suspen- sion dimensions and performance characteristics, resulting in changes to steering, handling, and brak- ing of your vehicle. This can cause unpredictable handling and stress to steering and suspension com- ponents. You could lose control and have an accident resulting in serious injury or death. Use only the tire and wheel sizes with load ratings approved for your vehicle. • Never use a tire with a smaller load index or capacity, other than what was originally equipped on your vehicle. Using a tire with a smaller load index could result in tire overloading and failure. You could lose control and have an accident. • Failure to equip your vehicle with tires having adequate speed capability can result in sudden tire failure and loss of vehicle control.
STARTING AND OPERATING 313
CAUTION!
Replacing original tires with tires of a different size may result in false speedometer and odometer read- ings.
Alignment And Balance Poor suspension alignment may result in: • Fast tire wear. • Uneven tire wear, such as feathering and one-sided • Vehicle pull to right or left. Tires may also cause the vehicle to pull to the left or right. Alignment will not correct this condition. See your dealer for proper diagnosis.
wear.
314 STARTING AND OPERATING
Improper alignment will not cause vehicle vibration. Vibration may be a result of tire and wheel out-of- balance. Proper balancing will reduce vibration and avoid tire cupping and spotty wear.
SUPPLEMENTAL TIRE PRESSURE INFORMATION A light load vehicle condition is defined as two passen- gers {150 lbs (68 kg) each} plus 200 lbs (91kg) of cargo. Cold tire inflation pressures for a lightly loaded vehicle will be found on the face of the driver’s door.
TIRE CHAINS Use “Class U” chains on Power Wagon models, or other traction aids that meet SAE Type “U” specifications. NOTE: Chains must be the proper size for the vehicle, as recommended by the chain manufacturer.
CAUTION!
To avoid damage to your vehicle, tires or chains, observe the following precautions:
• Because of limited chain clearance between tires and other
driving about 1/2 mile (0.8 km).
suspension components, it is important that only chains in good condition are used. Broken chains can cause serious vehicle damage. Stop the vehicle immediately if noise occurs that could suggest chain breakage. Remove the damaged parts of the chain before further use.
• Install chains as tightly as possible and then retighten after • Do not exceed 45 mph (72 km/h). • Drive cautiously and avoid severe turns and large bumps, • Do not install tire chains on front wheels of 4x2 vehicles. • Do not drive for a prolonged period on dry pavement. • Observe the tire chain manufacturer’s instructions on
especially with a loaded vehicle.
method of installation, operating speed, and conditions for usage. Always use the lower suggested operating speed of the chain manufacturer if different than the speed recom- mended by the manufacturer.
These cautions apply to all chain traction devices, includ- ing link and cable (radial) chains. NOTE: On 4x4 Power Wagon models, class “U” snow chains are permitted on the rear wheels only of vehicles equipped with LT285/70R17D.
CAUTION!
Do not use tire chains on the 4X4 front wheels of Ram Trucks equipped with LT285/70R17D. There may not be adequate clearance for the chains and you are risking structural or body damage to your vehicle.
STARTING AND OPERATING 315
SNOW TIRES Snow tires should be of the same size and type construc- tion as the front tires. Consult the manufacturer of the snow tire to determine any maximum vehicle speed requirement associated with the tire. These tires should always be operated at the vehicle maximum capacity inflation pressures under any load condition. While studded tires improve performance on ice, skid and traction capability on wet or dry surfaces may be poorer than that of non-studded tires. Some states pro- hibit studded tires; local laws should be checked before using these tire types.
therefore,
316 STARTING AND OPERATING
TIRE ROTATION RECOMMENDATIONS Tires on the front and rear axles of vehicles operate at different loads and perform different steering, driving, and braking functions. For these reasons, they wear at unequal rates, and develop irregular wear patterns. These effects can be reduced by timely rotation of tires. The benefits of rotation are especially worthwhile with aggressive tread designs such as those on On/Off Road type tires. Rotation will increase tread life, help to main- tain mud, snow, and wet traction levels, and contribute to a smooth, quiet ride. Follow the recommended tire rotation frequency for your type of driving found in the “Maintenance Schedules” Section of this manual. More frequent rotation is permis- sible if desired. The reasons for any rapid or unusual wear should be corrected prior to rotation being per- formed.
NOTE: On Canadian vehicles only, if your Ram truck is equipped with All-Season type tires on the front and ON/OFF Road type tires mounted on the rear, do not use a front to back rotation pattern. Instead, rotate your tires side to side at the recommended intervals.
FUEL REQUIREMENTS
5.7L Engines
The 5.7L engine is designed to meet all emissions regulations and provide satisfac- tory fuel economy and performance when using high quality unleaded gasoline hav- ing an octane range of 87 to 89. The manu- facturer recommends the use of 89 octane for optimum performance.The routine use of premium gasoline is not recommended. The use of premium gasoline will provide no benefit over high quality regular and mid-grade gasolines, and in some circumstances may result in poorer performance. Light spark knock at low engine speeds is not harmful to your engine. However, continued heavy spark knock at high speeds can cause damage and immediate service is required.
STARTING AND OPERATING 317
Poor quality gasoline can cause problems such as hard starting, stalling and hesitations. If you experience these symptoms, try another brand of “regular” gasoline be- fore considering service for the vehicle. Over 40 auto manufacturers world-wide have issued and endorsed consistent gasoline specifications (the World- wide Fuel Charter, WWFC) to define fuel properties necessary to deliver enhanced emissions, performance and durability for your vehicle. We recommend the use of gasolines that meet the WWFC specifications if they are available. Reformulated Gasoline Many areas of the country require the use of cleaner burning gasoline referred to as “Reformulated Gasoline.” Reformulated gasolines contain oxygenates, and are spe- cifically blended to reduce vehicle emissions and im- prove air quality.
318 STARTING AND OPERATING
We strongly support the use of reformulated gasolines. Properly blended reformulated gasolines will provide excellent performance and durability for the engine and fuel system components. Gasoline/Oxygenate Blends Some fuel suppliers blend unleaded gasoline with oxy- genates such as 10% ethanol, MTBE and ETBE. Oxygen- ates are required in some areas of the country during the winter months to reduce carbon monoxide emissions. Fuels blended with these oxygenates may be used in your vehicle.
CAUTION!
DO NOT use gasolines containing METHANOL. Gasoline containing methanol may damage critical fuel system components.
MMT In Gasoline MMT is a manganese-containing metallic additive that is blended into some gasoline to increase octane. Gasolines blended with MMT provide no performance advantage beyond gasolines of the same octane number without MMT. Gasolines blended with MMT reduce spark plug life and reduce emission system performance. We recom- mend that gasolines free of MMT be used in your vehicle. The MMT content of gasoline may not be indicated on the gasoline pump; therefore, you should ask your gaso- line retailer whether or not his/her gasoline contains MMT. It is even more important to look for gasolines without MMT in Canada because MMT can be used at levels higher than allowed in the United States. MMT is pro- hibited in Federal and California reformulated gasolines.
Sulfur In Gasoline If you live in the northeast United States, your vehicle may have been designed to meet California low emission standards with Cleaner-Burning California reformulated gasoline with low sulfur. If such fuels are not available in states adopting California emission standards, your ve- hicles will operate satisfactorily on fuels meeting federal specifications, but emission control system performance may be adversely affected. Gasoline sold outside of California is permitted to have higher sulfur levels which may affect the performance of the vehicle’s catalytic converter. This may cause the Check Engine or Service Engine Soon light to illuminate. We recommend that you try a different brand of unleaded gasoline having lower sulfur to determine if the problem is fuel related prior to returning your vehicle to an authorized dealer for ser- vice.
STARTING AND OPERATING 319
CAUTION!
If the Check Engine or Service Engine Soon light is flashing, immediate service is required; see onboard diagnostics system section.
Materials Added To Fuel All gasolines sold in the United States are required to contain effective detergent additives. Use of additional detergents or other additives is not needed under normal conditions and would result in unnecessary cost. There- fore, you should not have to add anything to the fuel. ADDING FUEL
If fuel is poured from a portable container, the NOTE: container should have a flexible nozzle long enough to extend into the fuel filler tube.
320 STARTING AND OPERATING
CAUTION!
To avoid fuel spillage and overfilling, do not “top off” the fuel tank after filling.
NOTE: When the fuel nozzle “clicks” or shuts off, the fuel tank is full. NOTE: Tighten the gas cap until you hear a minimum of 3 “clicks”. This is an indication that the gas cap is properly tightened. Make sure that the gas cap is tight- ened each time the vehicle is refueled.
WARNING!
A fire may result if gasoline is pumped into a portable container that is inside of a vehicle or on a truck bed. You could be burned. Always place gas containers on the ground while filling.
Fuel Filler Cap (Gas Cap) The gas cap is behind the fuel filler door. If the gas cap is lost or damaged, be sure the replacement cap is for use with this vehicle. NOTE: After fuel is added, the vehicle diagnostic sys- tem can determine if the fuel filler cap is loose, improp- erly installed, or damaged. A GASCAP message will be displayed in the instrument cluster. Tighten the gas cap until a ⬙clicking⬙ sound is heard. This is an indication that the gas cap is properly tightened. Press the odometer reset button to turn the message off. If the problem persists, the message will appear the next time the vehicle is started. This might indicate a damaged cap. If the problem is detected twice in a row, the system will turn on the Malfunction Indicator Light (MIL). Resolving the problem will turn the MIL light off.
CAUTION!
Fuel System Cautions
STARTING AND OPERATING 321
Damage to the fuel system or emission control system could result from using an improper fuel tank filler tube cap (gas cap). A poorly fitting cap could let impurities into the fuel system.
WARNING!
• Never allow any lit smoking materials near the vehicles while removing the cap or filling the tank. • Never add fuel to the vehicle when the engine is
running.
CAUTION!
Follow these guidelines to maintain your vehicle’s performance: • The use of leaded gas is prohibited by Federal law. Using leaded gasoline can impair engine performance, damage the emission control system. • An out-of-tune engine, or certain fuel or ignition malfunctions, can cause the catalytic converter to overheat. If you notice a pungent burning odor or some light smoke, your engine may be out of tune or malfunctioning and may require immediate service. Contact your dealer for service assistance.
322 STARTING AND OPERATING
• When pulling a heavy load or driving a fully loaded vehicle when the humidity is low and the temperature is high, use a premium unleaded fuel to help prevent spark knock. If spark knock persists, lighten the load, or engine piston damage may result. • The use of fuel additives which are now being sold as octane enhancers is not recommended. Many of these products contain high concentrations of methanol. Fuel system damage or vehicle performance problems resulting from the use of such fuels or additives is not the responsibility of the manufacturer.
NOTE: systems can result against you.
Intentional tampering with emissions control in civil penalties being assessed
Carbon Monoxide Warnings
WARNING!
Carbon monoxide (CO) in exhaust gases is deadly. Follow the precautions below to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning: • Do not inhale exhaust gases. They contain carbon monoxide, a colorless and odorless gas which can kill. Never run the engine in a closed area, such as a garage, and never sit in a parked vehicle with the engine running for an extended period. If the vehicle is stopped in an open area with the engine running for more than a short period, adjust the ventilation system to force fresh, outside air into the vehicle.
• Guard against carbon monoxide with proper mainte- nance. Have the exhaust system inspected every time the vehicle is raised. Have any abnormal conditions repaired promptly. Until repaired, drive with all side windows fully open. • Keep the liftgate closed when driving your vehicle to prevent carbon monoxide and other poisonous ex- haust gases from entering the vehicle.
CATALYTIC CONVERTER The catalytic converter requires the use of unleaded fuel only. Leaded gasoline will destroy the effectiveness of the catalyst as an emission control device. Under normal operating conditions, the catalytic converter will not require maintenance. However, you must keep the en- gine maintained to assure proper operation and prevent possible damage.
STARTING AND OPERATING 323
NOTE: systems can result against you.
Intentional tampering with emissions control in civil penalties being assessed
CAUTION!
Damage to the catalytic converter can result if your vehicle is not kept in proper operating condition. In the event of engine malfunction, particularly involv- ing engine misfire or other apparent loss of perfor- mance, have your vehicle serviced promptly. Contin- ued operation of your vehicle with a severe malfunction could cause the converter to overheat, resulting in possible damage to the converter and vehicle.
As with any vehicle, do not park or operate this vehicle in areas where combustible materials such as grass or leaves can come in contact with a hot exhaust system.
324 STARTING AND OPERATING
A scorching odor may be detected if you continue to run a malfunctioning engine. The odor may indicate severe and abnormal catalyst overheating. If this occurs, the vehicle should be stopped, the engine shut off and the vehicle allowed to cool. Service, including a tune-up to manufacturer’s specifications should be obtained imme- diately. To minimize the possibility of catalyst damage: • Do not shut off the engine or interrupt the ignition when the transmission is in gear and the vehicle is in motion. • Do not try to start engine by pushing or towing the • Do not idle the engine with any spark plug wires disconnected or removed, such as when diagnostic testing, or for prolonged periods during very rough idling or malfunctioning operating conditions.
vehicle.
VEHICLE LOADING
Certification Label As required by National Highway Traffic Safety Admin- istration Regulations, your vehicle has a certification label affixed to the driver’s side door or pillar. This label contains the month and year of manufacture, Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR), Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR) front and rear, and Vehicle Identification Number (VIN). A Month-Day-Hour (MDH) number is included on this label and indicates the Month, Day and Hour of manufacture. The bar code that appears on the bottom of the label is your Vehicle Identification Number (VIN). Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) The GVWR is the total permissible weight of your vehicle including driver, passengers, vehicle, options and cargo. The label also specifies maximum capacities of front and
rear axle systems (GAWR). Total load must be limited so GVWR and front and rear GAWR are not exceeded. Payload The payload of a vehicle is defined as the allowable load weight a truck can carry, including the weight of the driver, all passengers, options and cargo. Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR) The GAWR is the maximum permissible load on the front and rear axles. The load must be distributed in the cargo area so that the GAWR of each axle is not exceeded. Each axle GAWR is determined by the components in the system with the lowest load carrying capacity (axle, springs, tires or wheels). Heavier axles or suspension components sometimes specified by purchasers for in- creased durability does not necessarily increase the vehi- cle’s GVWR.
STARTING AND OPERATING 325
Tire Size The tire size on the Label represents the actual tire size on your vehicle. Replacement tires must be equal to the load capacity of this tire size. Rim Size This is the rim size that is appropriate for the tire size listed. Inflation Pressure This is the cold tire inflation pressure for your vehicle for all loading conditions up to full GAWR. Curb Weight The curb weight of a vehicle is defined as the total weight of the vehicle with all fluids, including vehicle fuel, at full capacity conditions, and with no occupants or cargo loaded into the vehicle. The front and rear curb weight values are determined by weighing your vehicle on a commercial scale before any occupants or cargo are added.
326 STARTING AND OPERATING
Loading The actual total weight and the weight of the front and rear of your vehicle at the ground can best be determined by weighing it when it is loaded and ready for operation. The entire vehicle should first be weighed on a commer- cial scale to insure that the GVWR has not been exceeded. The weight on the front and rear of the vehicle should then be determined separately to be sure that the load is properly distributed over front and rear axle. Weighing the vehicle may show that the GAWR of either the front or rear axles has been exceeded but the total load is within the specified GVWR. If so, weight must be shifted from front to rear or rear to front as appropriate until the specified weight limitations are met. Store the heavier items down low and be sure that the weight is distributed equally. Stow all loose items securely before driving.
Improper weight distributions can have an adverse effect on the way your vehicle steers and handles and the way the brakes operate.
CAUTION!
Do not load your vehicle any heavier than the GVWR or the maximum front and rear GAWR. If you do, parts on your vehicle can break, or it can change the way your vehicle handles. This could cause you to lose control. Also overloading can shorten the life of your vehicle.
An EXAMPLE of a loaded vehicle is shown in the following chart. Note that neither GVWR nor GAWR capabilities are exceeded. Overloading can cause poten- tial safety hazards and shorten service life.
NOTE: The weights shown in this chart are not necessarily the weights for your vehicle. Also, the amount of load added to both the front and rear axles can be computed after the vehicle has been weighed both in its ⴖcurb weightⴖ condition, and in its ⴖloaded and ready for operationⴖ condition. Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) 6500 LBS.
STARTING AND OPERATING 327
TRAILER TOWING In this section you will find safety tips and information on limits to the type of towing you can reasonably do with your vehicle. Before towing a trailer carefully re- view this information to tow your load as efficiently and safely as possible. To maintain warranty coverage, follow the requirements and recommendations in this manual concerning ve- hicles used for trailer towing. Common Towing Definitions The following trailer towing related definitions will assist you in understanding the following information: Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) The GVWR is the total allowable weight of your vehicle. This includes driver, passengers, cargo and tongue weight. The total load must be limited so that you do not exceed the GVWR.
328 STARTING AND OPERATING
Gross Trailer Weight (GTW) The gross trailer weight (GTW) is the weight of the trailer plus the weight of all cargo, consumables and equipment (permanent or temporary) loaded in or on the trailer in its ⬙loaded and ready for operation⬙ condition. The recom- mended way to measure GTW is to put your fully loaded trailer on a vehicle scale. The entire weight of the trailer must be supported by the scale. Gross Combination Weight Rating (GCWR) The gross combination weight rating (GCWR) is the total permissible weight of your vehicle and trailer when weighed in combination. (Note that GCWR ratings in- clude a 68 kg (150 lbs) allowance for the presence of a driver).
Gross Axle Weight Rating (GAWR) The GAWR is the maximum capacity of the front and rear axles. Distribute the load over the front and rear axles evenly. Make sure that you do not exceed either front or rear GAWR.
WARNING!
It is important that you do not exceed the maximum front or rear GAWR. A dangerous driving condition can result if either rating is exceeded. You could lose control of the vehicle and have an accident.
Tongue Weight (TW) The downward force exerted on the hitch ball by the trailer. In most cases it should not be less than 10% or more than 15% of the trailer load. You must consider this as part of the load on your vehicle.
Frontal Area The maximum height and maximum width of the front of a trailer. Trailer Sway Control The trailer sway control is a telescoping link that can be installed between the hitch receiver and the trailer tongue that typically provides adjustable friction associated with the telescoping motion to dampen any unwanted trailer swaying motions while traveling. Weight-Carrying Hitch A weight-carrying hitch supports the trailer tongue weight, just as if it were luggage located at a hitch ball or some other connecting point of the truck. These kind of hitches are the most popular on the market today and they’re commonly used to tow small- and medium-sized trailers.
STARTING AND OPERATING 329
Weight-Distributing Hitch A weight-distributing hitch includes a receiver attached to the tow vehicle, plus a removable hitch head and spring bar assembly that fits into the receiver opening and hook up brackets that connect the spring bars to the trailer frame. Fifth-Wheel Hitch A special high platform with a coupling that mounts over the rear axle of the tow vehicle in the truck bed. Connects a vehicle and fifth-wheel trailer with a coupling king pin. Gooseneck Hitch The gooseneck hitch employs a pivoted coupling arm which attaches to a ball mounted in the bed of a pickup truck. The coupling arm connects to the hitch mounted over the rear axle in the truck bed.
330 STARTING AND OPERATING
Trailer Hitch Classification The rear bumper is intended to tow trailers up to 2,000
lbs (907 kg) without added equipment or alterations to the standard equipment. Your vehicle may be factory equipped for safe towing of trailers weighing over 2,000
lbs (907 kg) with the optional Trailer Tow Prep Package. See your dealer for package content. The following chart provides the industry standard for the maximum trailer weight a given trailer hitch class can tow and should be used to assist you in selecting the correct trailer hitch for your intended towing condition. Refer to “Trailer Towing Weights (Maximum Trailer Weight Ratings)” for the website address that contains the necessary information for your specific drivetrain.Trailer Hitch Classification
Class
Max. GTW (Gross Trailer
Wt.)
2,000 lbs (907 kg) 3,500 lbs (1587 kg)
Class I - Light Duty Class II - Medium Duty Class III - Heavy Duty Class IV - Extra Heavy Duty Fifth Wheel/ Gooseneck All trailer hitches should be professionally installed on your vehicle.
5,000 lbs (2268 kg) 10,000 lbs (4540 kg)
Greater than 10,000 lbs (4540
kg)
Trailer Towing Weights (Maximum Trailer Weight Ratings)
Never exceed the maximum tongue weight stamped on your bumper or trailer hitch.
STARTING AND OPERATING 331
NOTE: For additional trailer towing information (maxi- mum trailer weight ratings) refer to the following website addresses: • http:// www.dodge.com/towing. • http:// www.dodge.ca (Canada). Trailer and Tongue Weight Always load a trailer with 60% to 65% of the weight in the front of the trailer. This places 10% to 15% of the Gross Trailer Weight (GTW) on the tow hitch of your vehicle. Loads balanced over the wheels or heavier in the rear can cause the trailer to sway severely side to side which will cause loss of control of vehicle and trailer. Failure to load trailers heavier in front is the cause of many trailer accidents.
Consider the following items when computing the weight on the rear axle of the vehicle: • The tongue weight of the trailer.
332 STARTING AND OPERATING
put in or on your vehicle.
• The weight of any other type of cargo or equipment • The weight of the driver and all passengers. NOTE: Remember that everything put into or on the trailer adds to the load on your vehicle. Also, additional factory-installed options, or dealer-installed options, must be considered as part of the total load on your vehicle. Refer to the Tire and Loading Information plac- ard in the Tire Safety Information Section of this manual. Trailer sway control and a weight distributing (load equalizing) hitch are recommended for Tongue Weights (TW) above 150 lbs (68 kg) and required for Tongue Weights above 300 lbs (136 kg).
Towing Requirements To promote proper break-in of your new vehicle driv- etrain components the following guidelines are recom- mended:
CAUTION!
• Avoid towing a trailer for the first 500 miles (805
km) of vehicle operation. Doing so may damage your vehicle. • During the first 500 miles (805 km) of trailertowing, limit your speed to 50 mph (80 km/h).
Perform the maintenance listed in Section 8 of this manual. When towing a trailer, never exceed the GAWR, or GCWR, ratings.
WARNING!
Improper towing can lead to an injury accident. Follow these guidelines to make your trailer towing as safe as possible: Make certain that the load is secured in the trailer and will not shift during travel. When trailering cargo that is not fully secured, dynamic load shifts can occur that may be difficult for the driver to control. You could lose control of your vehicle and have an accident. • When hauling cargo or towing a trailer, do not over- load your vehicle or trailer. Overloading can cause a loss of control, poor performance or damage to brakes, axle, engine, transmission, steering, suspension, chas- sis structure or tires.
STARTING AND OPERATING 333
• Safety chains must always be used between your vehicle and trailer. Always connect the chains to the frame or hook retainers of the vehicle hitch. Cross the chains under the trailer tongue and allow enough slack for turning corners. • Vehicles with trailers should not be parked on a grade. When parking, apply the parking brake on the tow vehicle. Put the tow vehicle automatic transmission in P for Park. With a manual transmission, shift the transmission into reverse. And with four-wheel-drive vehicles, make sure the transfer case is not in neutral. Always, block or ⬙chock⬙ the trailer wheels.
• GCWR must not be exceeded.
334 STARTING AND OPERATING
• Total weight must be distributed between the tow vehicle and the trailer such that the following four ratings are not exceeded: 1. GVWR 2. GTW 3. GAWR 4. Tongue weight rating for the trailer hitch utilized (This requirement may limit the ability to always achieve the 10% to 15% range of tongue weight as a percentage of total trailer weight).
Towing Requirements — Tires − Do not attempt to tow a trailer while using a compact
spare tire.
− Proper tire inflation pressures are essential to the safe and satisfactory operation of your vehicle. Refer to the Tires–General Information section of this manual on Tire Pressures for proper tire inflation procedures.
− Also, check the trailer tires for proper tire inflation
pressures before trailer usage.
− Check for signs of tire wear or visible tire damage before towing a trailer. Refer to the Tires–General Information section of this manual on Tread Wear Indicators for the proper inspection procedure.
− When replacing tires refer to the Tires–General Infor- mation section of this manual on Replacement Tires for proper tire replacement procedures. Replacing tires with a higher load carrying capacity will not increase the vehicle’s GVWR and GAWR limits.
Towing Requirements — Trailer Brakes − Do not interconnect the hydraulic brake system or vacuum system of your vehicle with that of the trailer. This could cause inadequate braking and possible personal injury.
− An electronically actuated trailer brake controller is required when towing a trailer with electronically actuated brakes. When towing a trailer equipped with a hydraulic surge actuated brake system, an electronic brake controller is not required.
− Trailer brakes are recommended for trailers over 1,000
lbs (454 kg) and required for trailers in excess of 2,000
lbs (907 kg).STARTING AND OPERATING 335
CAUTION!
If the trailer weighs more than 1,000 lbs (454 kg) loaded, it should have its own brakes and they should be of adequate capacity. Failure to do this could lead to accelerated brake lining wear, higher brake pedal effort, and longer stopping distances.
336 STARTING AND OPERATING
WARNING!
Do not connect trailer brakes to your vehicle’s hy- draulic brake lines. It can overload your brake sys- tem and cause it to fail. You might not have brakes when you need them and could have an accident. Towing any trailer will increase your stopping dis- tance. When towing you should allow for additional space between your vehicle and the vehicle in front of you. Failure to do so could result in an accident.
Towing Requirements — Trailer Lights & Wiring Whenever you pull a trailer, regardless of the trailer size, stop lights and turn signals on the trailer are required for motoring safety. The Trailer Tow Package may include a 4 and 7 pin wiring harness. Use a factory approved trailer harness and connector.
NOTE: Do not cut or splice wiring into the vehicles wiring harness. The electrical connections are all complete to the vehicle but you must mate the harness to a trailer connector. Refer to the following illustrations.
4 - Pin Connector
STARTING AND OPERATING 337
If using a manual transmission vehicle for trailer towing, all starts must be in FIRST gear to avoid excessive clutch slippage. Towing Tips — Automatic Transmission The “D” range can be selected when towing. However, if frequent shifting occurs while in this range, the “TOW HAUL” or “OD/OFF” range should be selected. NOTE: Using the “TOW HAUL” or “OD/OFF” range while operating the vehicle under heavy operating con- ditions will improve performance and extend transmis- sion life by reducing excessive shifting and heat build up. This action will also provide better engine braking. The automatic transmission fluid and filter should be changed if you REGULARLY tow a trailer for more than 45 minutes of continuous operation. See Schedule “B” in section 8 of this manual for transmission fluid change intervals.
7- Pin Connector
Towing Tips Before setting out on a trip, practice turning, stopping and backing the trailer in an area away from heavy traffic.
338 STARTING AND OPERATING
NOTE: Check the automatic transmission fluid level before towing. Towing Tips — Tow/Haul (If Equipped) To reduce potential for automatic transmission overheat- ing, turn the “TOW HAUL OD/OFF” feature ON when driving in hilly areas or shift the transmission to Drive position 2 on more severe grades. Towing Tips — Electronic Speed Control (If Equipped) − Don’t use in hilly terrain or with heavy loads. − When using the speed control, if you experience speed drops greater than 10 mph (16 km/h), disengage until you can get back to cruising speed.
− Use speed control in flat terrain and with light loads to
maximize fuel efficiency.
Towing Tips — Cooling System To reduce potential for engine and transmission over- heating, take the following actions: − City Driving When stopped for short periods of time, put transmission in neutral and increase engine idle speed. − Highway Driving Reduce speed. − Air Conditioning Turn off temporarily. − refer to Cooling System Operating information in the Maintenance section of this manual for more informa- tion.
Trailer Towing Mirrors — If Equipped These mirrors are designed with an adjustable mirror head to provide a greater vision range when towing extra-wide loads. To change position inboard or out- board, the mirror head should be rotated (flipped Out or In). A small blindspot mirror is integrated onto the main mirror surface. NOTE: rearward prior to entering an automated car wash.
Fold the 7 x 10 inch trailer towing mirrors
CAUTION!
Do not attempt to fold the 7 x 10 inch trailer towing mirrors forward. The 7 x 10 inch trailer towing mirrors are not designed to be folded forward and doing so will damage the mirrors and/or vehicle.
STARTING AND OPERATING 339
Blindspot Mirror
340 STARTING AND OPERATING
Trailer Towing Position
SNOWPLOW
Dodge Power Wagon Models
NOTE: Do not use Dodge Power Wagon Models for snowplow applications.
WARNING!
and other
aftermarket
Snowplows equipment should not be added to the front end or your vehicle. The airbag crash sensors may be affected by the change in the front end structure. The airbags could deploy unexpectedly or could fail to deploy during a collision resulting in serious injury or death.
CAUTION!
RECREATIONAL TOWING — 4–WHEEL DRIVE VEHICLES (BEHIND MOTORHOME, ETC.)
STARTING AND OPERATING 341
Using this vehicle for snowplow applications can cause damage to the vehicle.
WARNING!
Attaching a snowplow to this vehicle could ad- versely affect performance of the airbag system in an accident. Do not expect that the airbag will perform as described earlier in this manual
CAUTION!
Internal damage to the transfer case will occur if a front or rear wheel lift is used when recreational towing.
NOTE: The transfer case must be shifted into Neutral (N) for recreational towing. Automatic transmissions must be placed in P (Park) position for recreational towing. Manual transmissions must be left in gear (not in neutral) for recreational towing. Refer below for the proper transfer case Neutral shifting procedure for your vehicle.
342 STARTING AND OPERATING
Recreational Towing Procedure — Manual Shift Transfer Case — If Equipped Use the following procedure to prepare your vehicle for recreational towing:
CAUTION!
It is necessary to follow these steps to be certain that the transfer case is fully in N (NEUTRAL) before recreational towing to prevent damage to internal parts.
1. Bring the vehicle to a complete stop. 2. Shut OFF the engine. 3. Depress the brake pedal. 4. Shift automatic transmission to N (NEUTRAL), or depress the clutch on manual transmissions.
5. Shift transfer case lever into N (NEUTRAL). 6. Start the engine. 7. Shift automatic transmission into Reverse (R). 8. Release brake pedal for five seconds and ensure that there is no vehicle movement. 9. Repeat steps 7 and 8 with the transmission in Drive (D). 10. Shut OFF the engine and place the ignition key to the unlocked OFF position. 11. Shift automatic transmission into P (PARK). 12. Apply the parking brake. 13. Attach vehicle to tow vehicle with tow bar. 14. Release the parking brake.
CAUTION!
Damage to the automatic transmission may occur if the transmission is shifted into P (PARK) with the transfer case in N (NEUTRAL) and the engine RUN- NING. With the transfer case in N (NEUTRAL) ensure that the engine is OFF prior to shifting the transmission into P (PARK)
Returning to Normal Operation — Manual Shift Transfer Case Use the following procedure to prepare your vehicle for normal usage: 1. Bring the vehicle to a complete stop. 2. Shut OFF the engine. 3. Depress the brake pedal.
STARTING AND OPERATING 343
4. Shift automatic transmission to N (NEUTRAL), or depress the clutch on manual transmissions. 5. Shift transfer case lever to desired position. 6. Shift automatic transmission into P (Park).
WARNING!
You or others could be injured if you leave the vehicle unattended with the transfer case in the N (NEUTRAL) position without first fully engaging the parking brake. The transfer case N (NEUTRAL) position disengages both the front and rear drive- shafts from the powertrain and will allow the ve- hicle to move regardless of the transmission posi- tion. The parking brake should always be applied when the driver is not in the vehicle.
344 STARTING AND OPERATING
CAUTION!
• Do not use a bumper mounted clamp-on tow bar on your vehicle. The bumper face bar will be damaged. • Do not disconnect the rear driveshaft because fluid will leak from the transfer case and damage the internal parts.
TRACTION When driving on wet or slushy roads, it is possible for a wedge of water to build up between the tire and road surface. This is known as hydroplaning and may cause partial or complete loss of vehicle control and stopping ability. To reduce this possibility, the following precau- tions should be observed: 1. Slow down during rainstorms or when roads are slushy.
2. Slow down if road has standing water or puddles. 3. Replace tires when tread wear indicators first become visible. 4. Keep tires properly inflated. 5. Maintain sufficient distance between your vehicle and the car in front to avoid a collision in a sudden stop.
EQUIPMENT IDENTIFICATION PLATE The equipment Identification Plate is located on the hood inner surface. The following information about your vehicle is dis- played on this plate: Model, Wheelbase, Vehicle Identifi- cation Number, Truck Order Number, and code numbers with descriptions of all production and special equip- ment on the truck as shipped from the factory. NOTE: Always refer to the Equipment Identification Plate When Ordering Parts.
WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES
CONTENTS
䡵 Hazard Warning Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
䡵 Adding Fuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
䡵 Jack Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
▫ All Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348
䡵 Changing A Flat Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
▫ Removing The Spare Tire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
▫ Tire Changing Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350䡵 Hoisting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
䡵 Jump-Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
䡵 Freeing A Stuck Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
䡵 Emergency Tow Hooks — If Equipped . . . . . . . . 360
䡵 Towing A Disabled Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
▫ 4-Wheel-Drive Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
䡵 Winch Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361346 WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES
HAZARD WARNING LIGHTS The Hazard Warning switch is mounted on the top of the steering column as shown in the illustration.
Hazard Light Warning Switch
To engage the Hazard Warning lights, depress the button on the top of the steering column. When the Hazard Warning switch is activated, all directional turn signals will flash off and on to warn oncoming traffic of an emergency. Push the button a second time to turn off the flashers. This is an emergency warning system and should not be used when the vehicle is in motion. Use it when your vehicle is disabled and is creating a safety hazard for other motorists. When you must leave the vehicle to seek assistance, the Hazard Warning lights will continue to operate even though the ignition switch is OFF. NOTE: With extended use, the Hazard Warning lights may discharge your battery.
ADDING FUEL The fuel tank filler tube has a restricting door about 2
inches (50 mm) inside the opening. If using a portable fuel container, it should have a flexible nozzle long enough to force open the restricting door.WARNING!
A fire may result if gasoline is pumped into a portable container that is in a vehicle or on a truck bed. You could be burned. Always place gas contain- ers on the ground while filling.
WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES 347
WARNING!
Remove the gas cap slowly to prevent fuel spray from the filler neck which may cause injury. The volatility of present gasolines may cause a build up of pressure in the fuel tank that may increase while you drive. This pressure can result in a spray of gasoline and/or vapors when you remove the cap from a hot vehicle. Removing the cap slowly allows the pressure to vent and prevents fuel spray. Never allow any lit smoking materials near the vehicles while removing the cap or filling the tank. Never add fuel to the vehicle when the engine is running.
348 WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES
JACK LOCATION
All Models The jack and jack tools are stored under the passenger seat. Lift the flap on the side of the seat for access. Remove the jack and tools by loosening the thumb screw and sliding the assembly from under the seat.
WARNING!
The jack is designed to use as a tool for changing tires only. The jack should not be used to lift the vehicle for service purposes, unless suitable sup- ports are placed under the vehicle as a safety mea- sure. The vehicle should be jacked on a firm level surface only. Avoid ice or slippery areas.
WARNING!
After using the jack and tools, always reinstall them in the original carrier and location. While driving you may experience, abrupt stopping, rapid accelera- tion, or sharp turns. A loose jack, tools, bracket or other objects in the vehicle may move around with force, resulting in serious injury.
CHANGING A FLAT TIRE
Removing The Spare Tire Remove the spare tire before attempting to jack the truck. Attach the wheel wrench to the jack extension tube. Insert the tube through the access hole between the lower tailgate and the top of the bumper and into the winch mechanism tube. Rotate the wheel wrench handle coun- terclockwise until the spare tire is on the ground with enough cable slack to allow you to pull it out from under the vehicle. When the spare is clear, tilt the retainer at the end of the cable and pull it through the center of the wheel.
WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES 349
It is recommended that you stow the flat or spare to avoid tangling the loose cable. NOTE: The winch mechanism is designed for use with the jack extension tube only. Use of an air wrench or other power tools is not recommended and can damage the winch.
350 WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES
Tire Changing Procedure
WARNING!
Getting under a jacked-up vehicle is dangerous. The vehicle could slip off the jack and fall on you. You could be crushed. Never get any part of your body under a vehicle that is on a jack. Never start or run the engine while the vehicle is on a jack. If you need to get under a raised vehicle, take it to a service center where it can be raised on a lift.
Do not raise this vehicle using a bumper jack. The jack is designed as a tool for changing tires on this vehicle only. It is not recommended that the jack be used for service purposes or to lift more than one wheel at a time.
Preparations Park the vehicle on a firm level surface, avoiding ice or slippery areas. Set the parking brake and place the gear selector in PARK (automatic transmission) or REVERSE (manual transmission). On four-wheel drive vehicles, shift the transfer case to the “4L” position.
WARNING!
Do not attempt to change a tire on the side of the vehicle close to moving traffic. Pull far enough off the road to avoid the danger of being hit when operating the jack or changing the wheel. • Turn on the Hazard Warning Flasher.
• Block both the front and rear of the wheel diagonally oppo- site the jacking position. For example, front wheel is being changed, block the left rear wheel. • Passengers should not remain in the vehicle when the
the right
if
vehicle is being jacked.
WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES 351
Instructions
WARNING!
raised.
Carefully follow these tire changing warnings to help prevent personal injury or damage to your vehicle: • Always park on a firm, level surface as far from the edge of the roadway as possible before raising the vehicle. • Block the wheel diagonally opposite the wheel to be • Apply the parking brake firmly before jacking. • Never start the engine with the vehicle on a jack. • Do not let anyone sit in the vehicle when it is on a • Do not get under the vehicle when it is on a jack. • Only use the jack in the positions indicated. • If working on or near a roadway, be extremely
jack.
careful of motor traffic.
Before raising the wheel off the ground, make sure that the jack will not damage surrounding truck parts and adjust the jack position as required.
If the jack will not lower by turning the dial NOTE: (thumb wheel) by hand, it may be necessary to use the jack drive tube in order to lower the jack.
352 WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES
1. Remove the spare wheel, jack, and tools from storage. 2. Using the wheel wrench, loosen, but do not remove, the wheel nuts by turning them counterclockwise one turn while the wheel is still on the ground. 3. For Power Wagon, when changing the front wheel, assemble the jack drive tube to the jack and connect the drive tube to the extension tube. Place the jack under the axle as close to the tire as possible with the drive tubes extending to the front. Connect the jack tube extension and wheel wrench. When changing a rear wheel, assemble the jack drive tube to the jack and connect the drive tube to the extension tube. Place the jack under the axle between the spring and the shock absorber with the drive tubes extending to the rear. Connect the jack tube extension and wheel wrench.
WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES 353
WARNING!
Raising the vehicle higher than necessary can make the vehicle unstable and cause an accident. It could slip off the jack and hurt someone near it. Raise the vehicle only enough to remove the tire.
5. Remove the wheel nuts and pull the wheel off. Install the spare wheel and wheel nuts with the cone shaped end of the nuts toward the wheel on the rear wheel models. 6. Using the wheel wrench, finish tightening the nuts using a crisscross pattern. Correct nut tightness is 135 ft. lbs. (183 N·m) torque.If in doubt about the correct tight- ness, have them checked with a torque wrench by your dealer or at a service station.
4. By rotating the wheel wrench clockwise, raise the vehicle until the wheel just clears the surface.
354 WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES
WARNING!
A loose tire or jack thrown forward in a collision or hard stop could injure someone in the vehicle. Always stow the jack parts and the extra tire and wheel in the places provided.
7. Remove wheel blocks. Do not install chrome or alu- minum wheel center caps on the spare wheel. This may result in cap damage. 8. Lower the jack to its fully closed position. If the jack will not lower by turning the dial (thumb wheel) by hand, it may be necessary to use the jack drive tube in order to lower the jack. Stow the replaced tire, jack, and tools as previously described. 9. Adjust the tire pressure when possible.
NOTE: Do not oil wheel studs. For chrome wheels, do not substitute with chrome plated wheel nuts. Hub Caps The hub caps must be removed before raising the vehicle off the ground. For 2500/3500 single rear wheel (SRW) models, use the blade on the end of the lug wrench to pry the hub cap off. Insert the blade end into the pryoff notch and carefully pop off the hub cap with a back and forth motion.
CAUTION!
Use a back and forth motion to remove the hub cap. Do not use a twisting motion when removing the hub cap, damage to the hub cap finish may occur.
Wheel Nuts All wheel nuts should be tightened occasionally to elimi- nate the possibility of wheel studs being sheared or the bolt holes in the wheels becoming elongated. This is especially important during the first few hundred miles of operation to allow the wheel nuts to become properly set. All nuts should first be firmly seated against the wheel. The nuts should then be tightened to recom- mended torque. Tighten the nuts to final torque in increments. Progress around the bolt circle, tightening the nut opposite to the nut just previously tightened until final torque is achieved. Recommended torques are shown in the following chart. Disc Wheels
Type Nut Stud Size Torque Ft. Lbs.
Cone Flanged
9/16-18
9/16-18120-150
130-160Torque Newton Meters 160-200
190-220WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES 355
To Stow The Flat Or Spare Turn the wheel so that the valve stem is down. Slide the wheel retainer through the center of the wheel and position it properly across the wheel opening. For convenience in checking the spare tire inflation, stow with the valve stem toward the rear of the vehicle. Attach the wheel wrench to the extension tube. Rotate the winch mechanism until the wheel is drawn into place against the underside of the vehicle. Continue to rotate until you feel the winch mechanism slip or click 3 or 4
times. It cannot be overtightened. Push against the tire several times to be sure it is firmly in place.356 WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES
HOISTING A conventional floor jack may be used at the jacking locations, refer to the graphics that show jacking loca- tions. However, a floor jack or frame hoist must never be used on any other parts or the underbody.
CAUTION!
Never use a floor jack directly under the differential housing of a loaded truck or damage to your vehicle may result.
JUMP-STARTING You should not try to start your vehicle by pushing or towing. Vehicles equipped with an automatic transmis- sion cannot be started this way and pushing or towing a vehicle equipped with a manual transmission may over- heat and damage the catalytic converter. Also, there is a greater risk of an accident when a vehicle is being pushed or towed. If the vehicle has a discharged battery, booster cables may be used to obtain a start from a booster battery or the battery in another vehicle. This type of start can be dangerous if done improperly, so follow this procedure carefully.
WARNING!
Battery fluid is a corrosive acid solution; do not allow battery fluid to contact eyes, skin or clothing. Don’t lean over battery when attaching clamps or allow the clamps to touch each other. If acid splashes in eyes or on skin, flush contaminated area immedi- ately with large quantities of water. A battery generates hydrogen gas which is flam- mable and explosive. Keep flame or spark away from the vent holes. Do not use a booster battery or any other booster source that has a greater than 12 volt system, i.e. Do not use a 24 volt power source.
1. Remove all metal jewelry such as watch bands or bracelets which might make an unintended electrical contact.
WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES 357
2. Park the booster vehicle within cable reach but with- out letting the vehicles touch. Set the parking brake on both vehicles, place the automatic transmission in Park or the manual transmission in Neutral, and turn the ignition OFF. 3. Turn off the heater, radio, and all unnecessary electri- cal loads. 4. Connect one end of a jumper cable to the positive terminal of the booster battery. Connect the other end of the same cable to the positive terminal of the discharged battery.
WARNING!
Do not permit vehicles to touch each other as this could establish a ground connection and personal injury could result.
358 WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES
5. Connect the other cable, first to the negative terminal of the booster battery and then to the engine of the vehicle with the discharged battery. Make sure you have a good contact on the engine.
WARNING!
• Do not connect the cable to the negative post of the discharge battery. The resulting electrical spark could cause the battery to explode. • During cold weather when temperatures are be- low freezing point, electrolyte in a discharged battery may freeze. Do not attempt jump starting because the battery could rupture or explode. The battery temperature must be brought up above freezing point before attempting jump start.
6. Start the engine in the vehicle which has the booster battery, let the engine idle a few minutes, then start the engine in the vehicle with the discharged battery. 7. When removing the jumper cables, reverse the above sequence exactly. Be careful of the moving belts and fan.
WARNING!
Any procedure other than above could result in: 1. Personal injury caused by electrolyte squirting out the battery vent; 2. Personal injury or property damage due to battery explosion; 3. Damage to charging system of booster vehicle or of immobilized vehicle.
WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES 359
FREEING A STUCK VEHICLE If vehicle becomes stuck in snow, sand, or mud, it can often be moved by a rocking motion. Move the gear selector rhythmically between DRIVE and REVERSE (automatic transmissions) and between 1st and RE- VERSE (manual transmissions), while applying slight pressure to the accelerator. In general, the least amount of accelerator pedal pressure to maintain the rocking motion without spinning the wheels or racing the engine is most effective. Racing the engine or spinning the wheels, due to the frustration of not freeing the vehicle, may lead to transmission over- heating and failure. Allow the engine to idle with the transmission selector in NEUTRAL for at least one minute after every five rocking-motion cycles. This will minimize overheating and reduce the risk of transmis- sion failure during prolonged efforts to free a stuck vehicle.
360 WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES
EMERGENCY TOW HOOKS — IF EQUIPPED Your vehicle may be equipped with emergency tow hooks.
WARNING!
Chains are not recommended for freeing a stuck vehicle. Chains may break, causing serious injury or death.
WARNING!
Stand clear of vehicles when pulling with tow hooks. Tow straps and chains may break, causing serious injury.
CAUTION!
Tow hooks are for emergency use only, to rescue a vehicle stranded off road. Do not use tow hooks for tow truck hookup or highway towing. You could damage your vehicle.
TOWING A DISABLED VEHICLE Proper towing or lifting equipment is required to prevent damage to your vehicle. Use only tow bars and other equipment designed for the purpose, following equip- ment manufacturer’s instructions. Use of safety chains is mandatory. Attach a tow bar or other towing device to the main structural members of the vehicle—not to bumpers or associated brackets. State and local laws applying to vehicles under tow must be observed.
4-Wheel-Drive Vehicles
CAUTION!
To avoid damage to the transfer case while towing, always use the following method.
The manufacturer recommends towing with all wheels off the ground. Acceptable methods are to tow vehicle on a flatbed or with one end of vehicle raised and the opposite end on a towing dolly.
WHAT TO DO IN EMERGENCIES 361
WINCH USAGE (See page 256 for more information.)
MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE
CONTENTS
䡵 Engine Compartment— 5.7L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
䡵 Onboard Diagnostic System (OBD II) . . . . . . . . . 367
䡵 Emissions Inspection And MaintenancePrograms
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
䡵 Dealer Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
䡵 Replacement Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
䡵 Maintenance Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
▫ Engine Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
▫ Engine Oil Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374▫ Drive Belts — Check Condition And
Tensioner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
▫ Spark Plugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
▫ Engine Air Cleaner Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
▫ Engine Fuel Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
▫ Catalytic Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
▫ Emission-Related Components . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
▫ Maintenance Free Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
▫ Air Conditioner Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379364 MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE
▫ Power Steering — Fluid Check . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
▫ Front Suspension Ball Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
▫ Steering Linkage — Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
▫ Front Prop Shaft Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
▫ Body Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
▫ Windshield Wiper Blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
▫ Windshield Washers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
▫ Exhaust System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
▫ Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
▫ Hoses And Vacuum/Vapor Harnesses . . . . . . . 389
▫ Brake System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
▫ Clutch Hydraulic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
▫ Clutch Linkage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391▫ Rear Axle And 4X4 Front Driving Axle Fluid
Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
▫ Transfer Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
▫ Front Drive Shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
▫ Manual Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
▫ Automatic Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
▫ Front Wheel Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
▫ Selection Of Lubricating Grease . . . . . . . . . . . 396
▫ Noise Control System Required Maintenance &Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
▫ Appearance Care And Protection From
Corrosion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
䡵 Integrated Power Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
䡵 Vehicle Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405䡵 Replacement Light Bulbs 䡵 Bulb Replacement
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407▫ Headlight (Halogen)/Front Park And Turn
Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407
▫ Tail, Stop, Turn And Backup Lights . . . . . . . . . 410
▫ Center High-Mounted Stoplight With CargoLight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412
MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE 365
▫ Cab Top Clearance Lights — If Equipped . . . . 414
▫ Fog Lights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
䡵 Fluids And Capacities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
䡵 Fluids, Lubricants And Genuine Parts . . . . . . . . 418
▫ Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
▫ Chassis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419366 MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE
ENGINE COMPARTMENT— 5.7L
ONBOARD DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM (OBD II) Your vehicle is equipped with a sophisticated onboard diagnostic system called OBD II. This system monitors the performance of the emissions, engine, and automatic transmission control systems. When these systems are operating properly, your vehicle will provide excellent performance and fuel economy, as well as engine emis- sions well within current government regulations. If any of these systems require service, the OBD II system will turn on the “Malfunction Indicator Light.” It will also store diagnostic codes and other information to assist your service technician in making repairs. Al- though your vehicle will usually be driveable and not need towing, see your dealer for service as soon as possible.
MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE 367
CAUTION!
Prolonged driving with the “Malfunction Indicator Light” on could cause further damage to the emis- sion control system. It could also affect fuel economy and driveability. The vehicle must be serviced before any emissions tests can be performed. If the “Malfunction Indicator Light” is flashing, severe catalytic converter damage and power loss will soon occur. Immediate service is required.
EMISSIONS INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE PROGRAMS In some localities, it may be a legal requirement to pass an inspection of your vehicle’s emissions control system. Failure to pass could prevent vehicle registration.
368 MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE
For states which have an I/M (Inspection and Maintenance) requirement, this check verifies the following: the MIL (Malfunction Indicator Lamp) is functioning and is not on when the engine is running, and that the OBD (On Board Diagnostic) system is ready for testing. Normally, the OBD system will be ready. The OBD system may not be ready if your vehicle was recently serviced, if you recently had a dead battery, or a battery replacement. If the OBD system should be determined not ready for the I/M test, your vehicle may fail the test. Your vehicle has a simple ignition key actuated test which you can use prior to going to the test station. To check if your vehicle’s OBD system is ready, you must do the following: 1. Insert your ignition key into the ignition switch.
2. Turn the ignition to the ON position, but do not crank or start the engine. 3. If you crank or start the engine, you will have to start this test over. 4. As soon as you turn your key to the ON position, you will see your MIL symbol come on as part of a normal bulb check. 5. Approximately 15 seconds later, one of two things will happen:
a. The MIL light will blink for approximately 5 sec- onds and then remain on until the first engine crank or the key is turned off. This means that your vehicle’s OBD system is not ready and you should not proceed to the I/M station.
b. The MIL light will remain fully illuminated until the first engine crank or the key is turned off. This means that your vehicle’s OBD system is ready and you can proceed to the I/M station.
If your OBD system is not ready, you should see your dealer or repair facility. If your vehicle was recently serviced or had a battery failure or replacement, you may need to do nothing more than drive your vehicle as you normally would in order for your OBD system to update. A recheck with the above test routine may then indicate that the system is now ready. Regardless of whether your vehicle’s OBD system is ready or not ready, if the MIL symbol is illuminated during normal vehicle operation, you should have your vehicle serviced before going to the I/M station. The I/M station can fail your vehicle because the MIL symbol is on with the engine running.
MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE 369
DEALER SERVICE Your dealer has the qualified service personnel, special tools and equipment to perform all service operations in an expert manner. Service manuals are available which include detailed service information for your vehicle. Refer to these manuals before attempting any procedure yourself. NOTE: systems can result against you.
Intentional tampering with emissions control in civil penalties being assessed
370 MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE
WARNING!
You can be badly injured working on or around a motor vehicle. Do only that service work for which you have the knowledge and the proper equipment. If you have any doubt about your ability to perform a service job, take your vehicle to a competent mechanic.
REPLACEMENT PARTS Use of genuine Mopar威 parts for normal/scheduled maintenance and repairs is highly recommended to in- sure the designed performance. Damage or failures caused by the use of non-Mopar parts for maintenance and repairs will not be covered by the manufacturer’s warranty.
MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES The pages that follow contain the required maintenance services determined by the engineers who designed your vehicle. Besides the maintenance items for which there are fixed maintenance intervals, there are other items that should operate satisfactorily without periodic maintenance. However, if a malfunction of these items does occur, it could adversely affect the engine or vehicle performance. These items should be inspected if a malfunction is observed or suspected. Engine Oil
Checking Oil Level To assure proper lubrication of your vehicle’s engine, the engine oil must be maintained at the correct level. The best time to check the engine oil level is about 5 minutes after a fully warmed up engine is shut off or before starting the engine after it has sat overnight.
Checking the oil while the vehicle is on level ground will improve the accuracy of the oil level readings. Maintain the oil level between the ADD and SAFE markings on the dipstick. Adding one quart of oil when the reading is at the ADD mark will result in a SAFE reading on these engines.
MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE 371
Change Engine Oil
CAUTION!
Overfilling or underfilling the crankcase will cause oil aeration or loss of oil pressure. This could dam- age your engine.
Road conditions as well as your kind of driving affect the interval at which your oil should be changed. Check the following to determine if any apply to you: • Day or night temperatures are below 32°F (0°C). • Stop and go driving. • Extensive engine idling. • Driving in dusty conditions • Short trips of less than 10 miles (16.2 km)
372 MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE
speeds during hot weather, above 32°C (90°F)
• More than 50% of your driving is at sustained high • Trailer towing • Heavy Loading • Taxi, Police or delivery service (commercial service) • Off-road or desert operation • If equipped for and operating with E-85 (ethanol)
fuel.
If ANY of these apply to you then change your NOTE: engine oil every 3,000 miles (5 000 km) or 3 months, whichever comes first and follow schedule “B” of the ⬙Maintenance Schedules⬙ section of this manual. If none of these apply to you, then change your engine oil at every interval shown on schedule ⬙A⬙ of the ⬙Mainte- nance Schedules⬙ section of this manual.
Dusty Conditions Driving through dust-laden air increases the problems of keeping abrasive materials out of the engine. Under these conditions, special attention should be given to the engine air cleaner, the crankcase inlet air cleaner and the crankcase ventilation system. Make sure that these units are clean at all times. This will tend to reduce to a minimum the amount of abrasive material that may enter the engine. Engine Oil Selection For best performance and maximum protection under all types of operating conditions, the manufacture only recommends engine oils that are API certified and meet the requirements of DaimlerChrysler Material Standard MS-6395. Use Mopar or an equivalent oil meeting the specification MS-6395.
Engine Oil Identification (API) Symbol There is a symbol to aid you in selecting the proper engine oil.
This symbol means that the oil has been certified by the American Pe- troleum Institute (API). The manu- facturer only recommends API Cer- tified engine oils that meet the requirements of DaimlerChrysler Material Standard MS-6395. Use Mopar or an equivalent oil meeting
the specification MS-6395. Engine Oil Viscosity (SAE Grade) SAE 5W-20 engine oil is recommended for all operating temperatures. This engine oil improves low tempera- ture starting and vehicle fuel economy. Refer to your engine oil filler cap for the recommended engine oil viscosity for your vehicle.
MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE 373
For information on engine oil filler cap location, see the Engine Compartment illustration in this section. Lubricants which do not have both, the engine oil certi- fication mark and the correct SAE viscosity grade num- ber should not be used. Synthetic Engine Oils There are a number of engine oils being promoted as either synthetic or semi-synthetic. If you chose to use such a product, use only those oils that are API Certified and meet the SAE viscosity standard. Follow the service schedule that describes your driving type. Materials Added to Engine Oil The manufacture strongly recommends against the addi- tion of any additives (other than leak detection dyes) to the engine oil. Engine oil is an engineered product and it’s performance may be impaired by supplemental ad- ditives.
374 MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE
Disposing of Used Engine Oil And Oil Filters Care should be taken in disposing of used engine oil and oil filters from your vehicle. Used oil and oil filters, indiscriminately discarded, can present a problem to the environment. Contact your dealer, service station, or governmental agency for advice on how and where used oil and oil filters can be safely discarded in your area. Engine Oil Filter The engine oil filter should be replaced at every engine oil change. Engine Oil Filter Selection The manufacturer’s engines have a full-flow type oil filter. Use a filter of this type for replacement. The quality of replacement filters varies considerably. Only high quality filters should be used to assure most efficient service. Mopar Engine Oil Filters are a high quality oil filter and are recommended.
Drive Belts — Check Condition and Tensioner Belt tension is controlled by means of an automatic tensioner. No belt tension adjustments are required. However, belt and belt tensioner condition should be inspected at the specified intervals and replaced if re- quired. See your authorized dealer for service. At the mileage indicated in the maintenance schedule, all belts and tensioner should be checked for condition. Improper belt tension can cause belt slippage and failure. Belts should be inspected for evidence of cuts, cracks, glazing or frayed cords and replaced if there is indication of damage which could result in belt failure. Low gen- erator belt tension can cause battery failure. Also check belt routing to make sure there is no interfer- ence between the belts and other engine components.
Spark Plugs Spark plugs must fire properly to assure engine perfor- mance and emission control. New plugs should be in- stalled at the specified mileage. The entire set should be replaced if there is any malfunction due to a faulty spark plug, malfunctioning spark plugs can damage the cata- lytic converter. For proper type of replacement spark plugs, refer to the “Vehicle Emission Control Informa- tion” label in the engine compartment. Engine Air Cleaner Filter Under normal driving conditions, replace the air filter at the intervals shown on Schedule “A”. If, however, you drive the vehicle frequently under dusty or severe con- ditions, the filter element should be inspected periodi- cally and replaced if necessary at the intervals shown on Schedule “B”.
MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE 375
WARNING!
The air induction system (air cleaner, hoses, etc) can provide a measure of protection in the case of engine backfire. Do not remove the air induction system (air cleaner, hoses, etc) unless such removal is necessary for repair or maintenance. Make sure that no one is near the engine compartment before starting the vehicle with the air induction system (air cleaner, hoses, etc) removed. Failure to do so can result in serious personal injury.
Engine Fuel Filter A plugged fuel filter can cause stalling, limit the speed at which a vehicle can be driven or cause hard starting. Should an excessive amount of dirt accumulate in the fuel tank, frequent filter replacement may be necessary.
376 MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE
Catalytic Converter The catalytic converter requires the use of unleaded fuel only. Leaded gasoline will destroy the effectiveness of the catalyst as an emission control device. Under normal operating conditions, the catalytic con- verter will not require maintenance. However, it is im- portant to keep the engine properly tuned to assure proper catalyst operation and prevent possible catalyst damage.
CAUTION!
Damage to the catalytic converter can result if your vehicle is not kept in proper operating condition. In the event of engine malfunction, particularly involv- ing engine misfire or other apparent loss of perfor- mance, have your vehicle serviced promptly. Contin- ued operation of your vehicle with a severe malfunction could cause the converter to overheat, resulting in possible damage to the converter and the vehicle.
NOTE: systems can result against you.
Intentional tampering with emissions control in civil penalties being assessed
WARNING!
A hot exhaust system can start a fire if you park over materials that can burn. Such materials might be grass or leaves coming into contact with your ex- haust system. Do not park or operate your vehicle in areas where your exhaust system can contact any- thing that can burn.
In unusual situations involving grossly malfunctioning engine operation, a scorching odor may indicate severe and abnormal catalyst overheating. If this occurs, the vehicle should be stopped, the engine shut off and the vehicle allowed to cool. Thereafter, service, including a tune-up to manufacturer’s specifications, should be ob- tained immediately.
MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE 377
To minimize the possibility of catalyst damage: • Do not shut off the engine or interrupt the ignition when the transmission is in gear and the vehicle is in motion. • Do not try to start engine by pushing or towing the • Do not idle the engine with any spark plug wires disconnected or removed, such as when diagnostic testing, or for prolonged periods during very rough idling or malfunctioning operating conditions.
vehicle.
378 MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE
Emission-Related Components
the intervals specified.
Positive Crankcase (PCV) Valve Proper operation of the crankcase ventilation system requires that the PCV valve be free of sticking or plug- ging from deposits. Deposits can accumulate in the PCV valve and passages with increasing mileage. Have the PCV valve, hoses, and passages checked for proper operation at the valve is plugged or sticking, replace with a new valve— do not attempt to clean the old PCV valve! Check the ventila- tion hoses for indications of damage, weepage or plug- ging with deposits. Replace if necessary. Maintenance Free Battery The top of the maintenance free battery is permanently sealed. You will never have to add water, nor is periodic maintenance required.
If
WARNING!
Battery fluid is a corrosive acid solution and can burn or even blind you. Don’t allow battery fluid to contact your eyes, skin or clothing. Don’t lean over a battery when attaching clamps. If acid splashes in eyes or on skin, flush the area immediately with large amounts of water. Battery gas is flammable and explosive. Keep flame or sparks away from the battery. Don’t use a booster battery or any other booster source with an output greater than 12 volts. Don’t allow cable clamps to touch each other. Battery posts, terminals and related accessories con- tain lead and lead compounds. Wash hands after handling.
MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE 379
WARNING!
• Use only refrigerants and compressor lubricants approved by the manufacturer for your air condi- tioning system. Some unapproved refrigerants are flammable and can explode, injuring you. Other unapproved refrigerants or lubricants can cause the system to fail, requiring costly repairs. • The air conditioning system contains refrigerant under high pressure. To avoid risk of personal injury or damage to the system, adding refrigerant or any repair requiring lines to be disconnected should be done by an experienced repairman.
CAUTION!
It is essential when replacing the cables on the battery that the positive cable is attached to the positive post and the negative cable is attached to the negative post. Battery posts are marked (+) positive and negative (-) and identified on the battery case. Also, if a “fast charger” is used while battery is in vehicle, disconnect both vehicle battery cables be- fore connecting the charger to battery. Do not use a “fast charger” to provide starting voltage.
Air Conditioner Maintenance For best possible performance, your air conditioner should be checked and serviced by an Authorized Dealer at the start of each warm season. This service should include cleaning of the condenser fins and a performance test. Drive belt tension should also be checked at this time.
380 MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE
Refrigerant Recovery and Recycling R-134a Air Conditioning Refrigerant is a hydrofluorocar- bon (HFC) that is endorsed by the Environmental Pro- tection Agency and is an ozone-saving product. How- ever, the manufacturer recommends that air conditioning service be performed by dealers or other service facilities using recovery and recycling equipment. NOTE: Use only manufacturer approved A/C System Sealers, Stop Leak Products, Seal Conditioners, Compres- sor Oil, or Refrigerants. Power Steering — Fluid Check Checking the power steering fluid level at a defined service interval is not required. The fluid should only be checked if a leak is suspected, abnormal noises are apparent, and/or the system is not functioning as antici- pated. Coordinate inspection efforts through a certified DaimlerChrysler Dealership.⬙
WARNING!
Fluid level should be checked on a level surface and with the engine off to prevent injury from moving parts and to insure accurate fluid level reading. Do not overfill. Use only manufacturers recommended power steering fluid.
If necessary, add fluid to restore to the proper indicated level. With a clean cloth, wipe any spilled fluid from all surfaces. Refer to Fluids, Lubricants, and Genuine Parts for correct fluid type. Front Suspension Ball Joints
NOTE: When anticipating any severe offroad or hill climbing maneuvers, the power steering fluid level may be increased to the FULL HOT level (with a cold system). In this way, the power steering system will continue to
provide assist as the inclination angle of the vehicle increases, i.e. when the vehicle is not on level ground. NOTE: When anticipating any severe offroad/dusty or wet conditions, ensure that the outer tie rod ends are properly greased before ans soon after the vehicle is taken through such conditions. The greasing will help purge contaminants and water from under the seal. Regular greasing will prolong the life of the ball joints. The ball joints and seals should be inspected whenever the vehicle is serviced for other reasons. The ball joints originally supplied with the vehicle are permanently lubricated at the factory and do not require service. However, joints are damaged, the joints should be replaced. Serviceable replacement ball joints are available.
if the seals on the ball
MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE 381
Front suspension ball joints should be replaced only by a qualified service technician using tools specially de- signed for this purpose. Damage to the joints and/or suspension components may result if improper replace- ment procedures are used. If seals are damaged the ball joints should be replaced to prevent leakage or contamination of the grease. Steering Linkage — Inspection Whenever the vehicle is hoisted, all steering linkage joints should be inspected for evidence of damage. If seals are damaged, parts should be replaced to prevent leakage or contamination of the grease. Lubricate the steering linkage regularly according to the “Maintenance Schedule” in this manual.
382 MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE
Front Prop Shaft Lubrication Lubricate the front driveshaft grease fitting at each oil change listed in the appropriate Maintenance Schedule for your vehicle (Schedule “A” and “B”). Use Mopar威 type MS-6560 (lithium based grease), or equivalent.
Front Driveshaft Grease Fitting
Body Lubrication Locks and all body pivot points, including such items as seat tracks, doors, tailgate and hood hinges, should be lubricated periodically to assure quiet, easy operation and to protect against rust and wear. Prior to the appli- cation of any lubricant, the parts concerned should be wiped clean to remove dust and grit; after lubricating excess oil and grease should be removed. Particular attention should also be given to hood latching compo- nents to insure proper function. When performing other underhood services, the hood latch, release mechanism and safety catch should be cleaned and lubricated. The external lock cylinders should be lubricated twice a year, preferably in the fall and spring. Apply a small amount of a high quality lubricant such as Mopar威 Lock Cylinder Lubricant directly into the lock cylinder.
Windshield Wiper Blades The rubber edges of the wiper blades and the windshield should be cleaned periodically with a sponge or soft cloth and a mild nonabrasive cleaner. This will remove accu- mulations of salt or road film. Operation of the wipers on dry glass for long periods may cause deterioration of the wiper blades. Always use washer fluid when using the wipers to remove salt or dirt from a dry windshield. Avoid using the wiper blades to remove frost or ice from the windshield. Keep the blade rubber out of contact with petroleum products such as engine oil, gasoline, etc. Windshield Washers The fluid reservoir is located under the hood and should be checked for fluid level at regular intervals. Fill the reservoir with windshield washer solvent only (not ra- diator antifreeze).
MAINTAINING YOUR VEHICLE 383
To prevent freeze-up of your windshield washer system in cold weather, select a solution or mixture that meets or exceeds the temperature range of your climate. This rating information can be found on most washer fluid containers.
WARNING!
Commercially available windshield washer solvents are flammable. They could ignite and burn you. Care must be exercised when filling or working around the washer solution.
After the engine has warmed, operate the defroster for a
