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2. Screw the towing eyelet (3) in place first by hand and then using the tire iron until it is securely in place.


Volvo does not recommend towing a disa- bled vehicle behind another vehicle. Signif- icant difficulty in steering and braking, com- bined with unfavorable weather, traffic, and road conditions may make it impossible to maintain vehicle control.


1. Apply the parking brake.


WARNING


Towing a vehicle with a locked steering wheel will make the vehicle impossible to steer.


2.


Insert the key into the ignition to unlock the steering wheel. The steering wheel must be


06 Starting and driving


Towing


unlocked. With the engine off and the vehi- cle at a standstill, great effort will be required to turn the steering wheel. 3. Turn the ignition key to position II. 4. Place the gear selector in neutral. For vehi- cles with automatic transmissions, follow instruction on page 152, "Shiftlock over- ride" to allow the gear selector to be moved from the Park position.


5. Keep firm pressure on the brake pedal


while releasing the parking brake.


6. When towing has been completed, return


the gear selector to Park (automatic) or Reverse (manual) and apply the parking brake.


The following points should also be observed: • Never exceed 50 mph (80 km/h). Never exceed local towing speed limits and heed all local towing restrictions.


• Never tow farther than 50 miles (80 km). • Keep the tow rope taut at all times while the


vehicle is in motion.


• The disabled vehicle should be towed in


the forward direction only.


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157


06 Starting and driving


Towing


WARNING


• Never allow a vehicle to be towed with- out a driver behind the wheel of the dis- abled vehicle.


• Never remove the key from the ignition while the vehicle is moving. The steering wheel could lock, making it impossible to steer the vehicle.


• When the engine is not running, steering


resistance and the effort needed to apply the brakes will be great.


• Never attempt to tow a vehicle with a


dead battery at night.


CAUTION


• Check with state and local authorities before attempting this type of towing, as vehicles being towed are subject to regulations regarding maximum towing speed, length and type of towing device, lighting, marker flags, etc.


• Never attempt to push- or tow-start a vehicle with a dead battery. This would inject unburned fuel into the three-way catalytic converter(s), causing over- heating, backfiring, and damage, see page 159 for instructions on jump star- ting the vehicle.


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158


WARNING


• Remember that the power brakes and power steering will not function when engine is not running. The braking and steering systems will function but con- siderably higher pressure will be required on the brake pedal and greater steering effort must be exerted.


• The towing eyelets must not be used for pulling the vehicle out of a ditch or for any similar purpose involving severe strain. Do not use the towing eyelets to pull the vehicle up onto a flat bed tow truck.


Towing vehicles with front wheel drive Volvo recommends the use of flat bed equip- ment for towing vehicles with front wheel drive. If wheel lift equipment must be used, please use extreme caution to help avoid damage to the vehicle. In this case, the vehicle should be towed with the rear wheels on the ground if at all possible. If it is absolutely necessary to tow the vehicle with the front wheels on the ground, please refer to the towing information on the previous page. • Sling-type equipment applied at the front will damage radiator and air conditioning lines.


• It is equally important not to use sling-type equipment at the rear or apply lifting equip- ment inside the rear wheels; serious dam- age to the rear axle may result.


• If the vehicle is being towed on a flat bed truck, the towing eyelets must not be used to secure the vehicle on the flat bed. Con- sult the tow truck operator.


your vehicle's battery (2), marked with a "+" sign.


3. Connect the auxiliary battery's negative (–)


terminal (3) to the ground point in your vehicle's engine compartment near the driver's side spring strut (4).


4. Start the engine in the assisting vehicle, then start the engine in the vehicle with dead battery.


5. After the engine has started, first remove


the negative (–) terminal jumper cable. Then remove the positive (+) terminal jumper cable.


WARNING


PROPOSITION 65 WARNING! Battery posts, terminals, and related acces- sories contain lead and lead compounds, chemicals known to the state of California to cause cancer and reproductive harm. Wash hands after handling.


06 Starting and driving


Jump starting


WARNING


• Do not connect the jumper cable to any part of the fuel system or to any moving parts. Avoid touching hot manifolds.


• Batteries generate hydrogen gas, which


is flammable and explosive.


• Battery fluid contains sulfuric acid. Do not allow battery fluid to contact eyes, skin, fabrics or painted surfaces. If con- tact occurs, flush the affected area immediately with water. Obtain medical help immediately if eyes are affected.


• Never expose the battery to open flame


or electric spark.


• Do not smoke near the battery. • Failure to follow the instructions for jump starting can lead to personal injury.


• Do not touch the jumper cables during


the attempt to start the vehicle. This could cause sparks.


Jump starting the vehicle


Follow these instructions to jump start your vehicle's dead battery or to jump start another vehicle's dead battery using your vehicle. If the 12-volt auxiliary battery to be used is in another vehicle, check that the vehicles are not touch- ing to prevent premature completion of a cir- cuit. Be sure to follow jump starting instruc- tions provided for the other vehicle. To jump start your vehicle: 1. Switch off the ignition. 2. First connect the auxiliary battery positive (+) terminal (1) to the positive (+) terminal in


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159


06 Starting and driving


Transporting loads


Loading the vehicle Your vehicle's load-carrying capacity is affec- ted by factors such as: • the number of passengers • tire inflation • the amount of optional or accessory equip-


ment installed


• the amount of cargo. See the chapter "Wheels and tires" for more detailed information. Before loading the car, turn off the engine, and apply the parking brake when loading or unloading long objects. The gear selector can be inadvertently knocked out of position by long cargo, causing the car to move.


06


Keep the following in mind when loading the vehicle: • Load objects in the cargo area against the


rear seat backrest.


• Load heavy cargo as low as possible. • Center wide loads. • Secure all cargo with restraining straps anchored to the load securing eyelets.


• Cover sharp edges on the load. • The rear seats can be folded down to extend the cargo compartment, see page 115.


160


• Never exceed the rack manufacturer's


weigh limits and never exceed the maxi- mum rated roof load of 165 lbs (75 kg).


• Avoid single-point loads. Distribute loads


evenly.


• Place heavier cargo at the bottom of the


load.


• Secure the cargo correctly with appropri-


ate tie-down equipment.


• Check periodically that the load carriers


and load are properly secured.


• Remember that the car's center of gravity


and handling change when you carry a load on the roof.


• The car's wind resistance and fuel con-


sumption will increase with the size of the load.


• Drive smoothly. Avoid rapid starts, fast


cornering and hard braking.


WARNING


• Remember that an object weighing 44 lbs (20 kg) produces a force of 2,200 lbs (1,000 kg) in a head-on colli- sion at 30 mph (50 km/h)!


• When the rear backrest(s) are folded


down, the vehicle should not be loaded to a level higher than 2 in. (5 cm) below the upper edge of the rear side win- dows. Objects placed higher than this level could impede the function of the Volvo Inflatable Curtain.


Load carriers (accessory) Load carriers are available as Volvo accesso- ries. Follow the installation instructions sup- plied with the load carriers. Observe the following points when using load carriers: • To avoid damaging your car and to achieve maximum safety when driving, we recom- mend using the load carriers that Volvo has developed especially for your car.


• Volvo-approved removable roof racks are designed to carry the maximum allowable roof load for this vehicle: 165 lbs (75 kg). For Non-Volvo roof racks, check the man- ufacturer's weight limits for the rack.


Introduction


BLIS camera


Indicator light


BLIS symbol


The Blind Spot Information System (BLIS) is an information system that indicates the presence of another vehicle moving in the same direction as your vehicle in the side-view mirror's "blind area".


CAUTION


The BLIS system should only be repaired by a trained and qualified Volvo service tech- nician.


06 Starting and driving


Blind Spot Information System (BLIS)*


WARNING


• BLIS is an information system, NOT a


warning or safety system.


• BLIS does not eliminate the need for you to visually confirm the conditions around you, and the need for you to turn your head and shoulders to make sure that you can safely change lanes.


• As the driver, you have full responsibility


for changing lanes in a safe manner.


The system is based on digital camera tech- nology. The cameras (1) are located beneath the side-view mirrors. When one (or both) of the cameras have detected a vehicle in the blind area (up to approximately 10 ft. (3 meters) from the side of your vehicle, and up to approximately 31 ft. (9.5 meters) behind the side-view mirror), the indicator light in the door panel (2) illuminates. The light will glow continuously to alert the driver of the vehicle in the blind area.


NOTE


The door panel indicator light illuminates on the side of the vehicle where the system has detected another vehicle. If your vehicle is passed on both sides at the same time, both lights will illuminate.


A = approx. 10 ft. (3 meters), B = approx. 31 ft. (9.5 meters) BLIS has an integrated function that alerts the driver if a fault should occur with the system. For example, if one or both of the system's cameras are obscured, a message (see the table on page 164) will appear in the informa- tion display in the instrument panel. If this occurs, clean the camera lenses. If necessary, the system can be temporarily switched off (for instructions see page 163).


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* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.


161


06 Starting and driving


Blind Spot Information System (BLIS)*


When does BLIS function The system functions when your vehicle is moving at speeds above 6 mph (10 km/h). When you pass another vehicle: The system reacts when you pass another vehicle at a speed of up to 6 mph (10 km/h) faster than that vehicle. When you are passed by another vehicle: The system reacts if your vehicle is passed by another vehicle at a speed of up to 43 mph (70 km/h) faster than your vehicle.


WARNING


• BLIS does not function in sharp curves. • BLIS does not function when your vehi-


cle is backing up.


• If you are towing a wide trailer, this may prevent the BLIS cameras from detect- ing other vehicles in adjacent lanes.


06


How BLIS functions in daylight and darkness Daylight BLIS reacts to the shape of surrounding vehi- cles. The system is designed to help detect motor vehicles such as cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles, etc.


Darkness BLIS reacts to the headlights of surrounding vehicles. In order to be detected by BLIS, a vehicle in the blind area must have its head- lights on. This means, for example, that the system will not detect a trailer without head- lights that is being towed behind a car or truck.


WARNING


• BLIS does not react to cyclists or


mopeds.


• BLIS does not react to vehicles that are


standing still.


• The function of the BLIS cameras may


be affected by intense light, or when driving at night in areas where there are no external sources of light (e.g., street lights, other vehicles, etc.). In such cases, the system may react as if the cameras were obscured.


• In both of the above mentioned condi- tions, a message will appear in the infor- mation display.


• When driving in such conditions, the system's function will be limited or it may be temporarily switched off, see page 163 for instructions.


• When the message is no longer dis-


played, BLIS will return to normal func- tion.


• The BLIS cameras have the same limi- tation as the human eye. In other words, their "vision is impaired" by adverse weather conditions such as heavy snowfall, dense fog, etc.


162


* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.


Limitations In certain situations, the BLIS indicator light(s) may illuminate even when there are no other vehicles in the area monitored by the system.


NOTE


If the BLIS indicator lights illuminate occa- sionally even when there are no other vehi- cles in the blind area, this does not indicate a fault in the system. In the event of a fault, Blind spot syst. service required will be displayed.


The following are several examples of situa- tions in which the BLIS indicator light(s) may illuminate even when there are no other vehi- cles in the area monitored by the system.


Light reflected from a wet road surface


06 Starting and driving


Blind Spot Information System (BLIS)*


CAUTION


• Clean the lenses carefully to avoid


scratching.


• The lenses are electrically heated to


help melt ice or snow. If necessary, gen- tly brush away snow from the lenses.


The vehicle's own shadow against a large, light, smooth surface such as barriers between lanes on a highway


Switching BLIS on and off


Sunlight directly in the camera when the sun is low on the horizon


Cleaning the BLIS camera lenses In order to function optimally, the BLIS camera lenses must be kept clean. They can be wiped clean with a soft cloth or wet sponge.


06


BLIS button (left button in the illustration) BLIS is automatically activated when the igni- tion is switched on. The indicator lights will provide confirmation by flashing 3 times. • The system can be switched off by press- ing the BLIS button in the center console. The indicator light in the button goes out


* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.


163


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06 Starting and driving


Blind Spot Information System (BLIS)*


when the system is switched off, and a text message is displayed.


• BLIS can be switched on again by pressing the button. The indicator light in the button will illuminate and a new text message will be displayed. Press the READ button, see page 60, to erase the message.


BLIS system messages Text in the display


System status


BLIS service required


BLIS not functioning properly. Contact an authorized Volvo serv- ice technician.


BLIS camera blocked


BLIS camera obscured. Clean the lenses.


06


BLIS ON


BLIS OFF


BLIS reduced function


BLIS system on


BLIS system off


The BLIS cameras' function has been reduced by e.g., fog, or strong sunlight directly into the camera. The camera will reset itself when these conditions have changed.


164


* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.


Introduction


WARNING


NOTE


06 Starting and driving


Park assist*


Front/rear park assist The park assist system is designed to assist you when driving into parking spaces, garages, etc. It utilizes four ultrasound sensors located in one or both bumpers to measure the dis- tance to a vehicle, object or a person who may be close to the front or rear of your vehicle. Park assist is available in two versions: • Rear bumper only • Front and rear bumpers


Rear park assist is deactivated automati- cally when towing a trailer if Volvo genuine trailer wiring is used.


Front park assist The distance monitored in front of the vehicle is approximately 2.5 ft (0.8 m). The audible sig- nal comes from the audio system's front speakers. It may not be possible to combine auxiliary headlights and front park assist since these lights could trigger the system's sensors.


Park Assist is an information system, NOT a safety system. This system is designed to be a supplementary aid when parking the vehicle. It is not, however, intended to replace the driver's attention and judge- ment.


Function The system is activated automatically when the vehicle is started. The indicator light in the but- ton in the center console illuminates. • The front park assist system is active from the time the engine is started until the vehi- cle exceeds a speed of approximately 10 mph (15 km/h). It is also active when the vehicle is backing up.


• Rear park assist is active when the engine


is running and reverse gear has been selected.


Rear park assist The distance monitored behind the vehicle is approximately 5 ft (1.5 m). The signal comes from the rear speakers. The system must be deactivated when towing a trailer, carrying bicycles in a rear-mounted carrier, etc, which could trigger the rear park assist system's sensors.


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* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.


165


06 Starting and driving


Park assist*


Activating/deactivating park assist


NOTE


• Front park assist is disengaged auto-


matically when the parking brake is applied.


• If the vehicle is equipped with front and


rear park assist, both systems will be deactivated by pressing the button.


Audible signals from the park assist system The Park Assist system uses an intermittent tone that pulses faster as you come close to an object, and becomes constant when you are within approximately 1 ft (30 cm) of an object in front of or behind the vehicle. If the volume of another source from the audio system is high, this will be automatically lowered. If there are objects within this distance both behind and in front of the vehicle, the signal alternates between front and rear speakers.


06


Park Assist button (right button in the illustration) The system is activated automatically when the vehicle is started. ± Press the Park assist button on the center console to temporarily deactivate the sys- tem(s). The indicator light in the button will go out when the system has been deacti- vated.


± Park assist will be automatically reactiva- ted the next time the engine is started, or if the button is pressed (the indicator light in the button will illuminate).


166


* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.


Faults in the system


If the information symbol illumi- nates and PARK ASSIST SERVICE REQUIRED is shown on the information display, this indicates that the system is not


functioning properly and has been disengaged. Consult a Volvo retailer or authorized Volvo service technician.


CAUTION


In certain circumstances, the park assist system may give unexpected warning sig- nals that can be caused by external sound sources that use the same ultrasound fre- quencies as the system. This may include such things as the horns of other vehicles, wet tires on asphalt, pneumatic brakes, motorcycle exhaust pipes, etc. This does not indicate a fault in the system.


Cleaning the sensors


Park assist sensors The sensors must be cleaned regularly to ensure that they work properly. Clean them with water and a suitable car washing deter- gent. Ice and snow covering the sensors may cause incorrect warning signals.


NOTE


If the sensors are obstructed by e.g., dirt, snow, or ice, this could result in false warn- ing signals from the park assist system.


06 Starting and driving


Park assist*


06


* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.


167


General information............................................................................... 170
Tire inflation........................................................................................... 173
Inflation pressure—U.S. models .......................................................... 175
Inflation pressure—Canadian models .................................................. 176
Tire designations................................................................................... 177
Glossary of tire terminology.................................................................. 179
Vehicle loading...................................................................................... 180
Uniform tire quality gradings................................................................. 181
Snow chains, snow tires, studded tires................................................ 182
Temporary spare................................................................................... 183
Wheel nuts............................................................................................ 184
Changing a wheel................................................................................. 185
Tire Sealing System ............................................................................. 187
Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)............................................. 193


168


WHEELS AND TIRES


07


07 Wheels and tires


General information


Introduction Your vehicle is equipped with tires according to the vehicle's tire information placard on the B-pillar (the structural member at the side of the vehicle, at the rear of the driver's door opening), or on the inside of the fuel filler door on Canadian models.


CAUTION


Some Volvo models are equipped with an Ultra High Performance tire and wheel com- bination designed to provide maximum dry pavement performance with consideration for hydroplaning resistance. As such, they may be more susceptible to road hazard damage and, depending on driving condi- tions, may achieve a tread life of less than 20,000 miles (30,000 km). Even if this vehi- cle is equipped with Volvo’s advanced DSTC system, these tires are not designed for winter driving, and should be replaced with winter tires when weather conditions dictate.


The tires have good road holding characteris- tics and offer good handling on dry and wet surfaces. It should be noted however that the tires have been developed to give these fea- tures on snow/ice-free surfaces. Certain models are equipped with "all-season" tires, which provide a somewhat higher degree


07


170


of road holding on slippery surfaces than tires without the "all-season" rating. However, for optimum road holding on icy or snow-covered roads, we recommend suitable winter tires on all four wheels. When replacing tires, be sure that the new tires are the same size designation, type (radial) and preferably from the same manufacturer, on all four wheels. Otherwise there is a risk of altering the car's roadholding and handling characte- ristics.


New Tires


Remember that tires are per- ishable goods. As of 2000, the manufacturing week and year (Department of Transporta- tion (DOT) stamp) will be indi- cated with 4 digits (e.g. 1502
means that the tire illustrated


was manufactured during week 15 of 2002).


Tire age Tires degrade over time, even when they are not being used. It is recommended that tires generally be replaced after 6 years of normal service. Heat caused by hot climates, frequent high loading conditions or Ultra Violet (U.V) exposure can accelerate the aging process.


You should replace the spare tire when you replace the other road tires due to the aging of the spare. A tire's age can be determined by the DOT stamp on the sidewall (see the illustration). A tire with e.g., visible cracks or discoloration should be replaced immediately.


Improving tire economy • Maintain correct tire pressure. For the tire


pressure tables, see page 175.


• Drive smoothly: avoid fast starts, hard


braking and tire screeching.


• Tire wear increases with speed. • Correct front wheel alignment is very


important.


• Unbalanced wheels impair tire economy


and driving comfort.


• Tires must maintain the same direction of


rotation throughout their lifetime.


• When replacing tires, the tires with the


most tread should be mounted on the rear wheels to reduce the chance of oversteer during hard braking.


• Hitting curbs or potholes can damage the


tires and/or wheels permanently.


• Contact a Volvo workshop if you are


unsure about the tread depth.


Storing wheels and tires When storing complete wheels (tires mounted on rims), they should be suspended off the floor or placed on their sides on the floor. Tires not mounted on rims should be stored on their sides or standing upright, but should not be suspended.


CAUTION


Tires should preferably be stored in a cool, dry, dark place, and should never be stored in close proximity to solvents, gasoline, oils, etc.


Summer and winter tires


The arrows shows the direction of rotation of the tire • When switching between summer and winter tires, mark the tires to indicate where they were mounted on the car, e.g., LF = left front, RR = right rear


• Tires with tread designed to roll in only one direction are marked with an arrow on the sidewall.


• Incorrectly mounted tires impair the car's


braking properties and ability to force aside rain, snow and slush.


• The tires with the most tread should always


be at the rear (to reduce the risk of skid- ding).


07 Wheels and tires


General information


WARNING


• The wheel and tire sizes for your Volvo are specified to meet stringent stability and handling requirements. Unap- proved wheel/tire size combinations can negatively affect your vehicle's sta- bility and handling. Approved tire sizes are shown in the Tire inflation pressure tables, see page 175.


• Any damage caused by installation of unapproved wheel/tire size combina- tions will not be covered by your new vehicle warranty. Volvo assumes no responsibility for death, injury, or expenses that may result from such installations.


Tire wear


Tire rotation Tire wear is affected by a number of factors such as tire inflation, ambient temperature, driving style, etc. Your vehicle is driven mainly by the front tires, which will wear faster. If the tires are rotated, they should only be moved from front to back or vice versa. They should never be rotated left to right/right to left. However, tire rotation, done at the recom- mended intervals, is one way of helping to keep


07


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171


07 Wheels and tires


General information


tread wear as even as possible and will help you get maximum mileage from your tires. Ideally, tire rotation should be done the first time after approximately 3,000 miles (5, 000 km) and thereafter at 6,000 mile (10,000 km) intervals. Tire rotation should only be performed if front/ rear tire wear is fairly even and tread height is above 1/16" (1.6 mm).


NOTE


Tire rotation is not included in regularly scheduled maintenance and is performed only at customer request, at additional charge.


Your Volvo retailer can also provide guidance based on your particular driving circumstan- ces.


Tread wear indicator


The tires have wear indicator strips running across or parallel to the tread. The letters TWI are printed on the side of the tire. When approximately 1/16" (1.6 mm) is left on the tread, these strips become visible and indicate that the tire should be replaced. Tires with less than 1/16" (1.6 mm) tread offer very poor trac- tion. When replacing worn tires, it is recommended that the tire be identical in type (radial) and size as the one being replaced. Using a tire of the same make (manufacturer) will prevent altera- tion of the driving characteristics of the vehicle.


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172


Inflation labels


Tire inflation placard on U.S. models Check tire inflation pressure regularly. Tables listing the recommended inflation pres- sure for your vehicle can be found on page 175. A tire inflation pressure placard is also located on the driver's side B-pillar (the struc- tural member at the side of the vehicle, at the rear of the driver's door opening). This placard indicates the designation of the factory-moun- ted tires on your vehicle, as well as load limits and inflation pressure.


Tire inflation placard on Canadian models


NOTE


The placards shown indicate inflation pres- sure for the tires installed on the car at the factory only.


Use a tire gauge to check the tire inflation pres- sure, including the spare, at least once a month and before long trips. You are strongly urged to buy a reliable tire pressure gauge, as auto- matic service station gauges may be inaccu- rate. Use the recommended cold inflation pressure for optimum tire performance and wear.


07 Wheels and tires


Tire inflation


Under-inflation or over-inflation may cause uneven treadwear patterns.


WARNING


• Under-inflation is the most common cause of tire failure and may result in severe tire cracking, tread separation, or "blowout," with unexpected loss of vehicle control and increased risk of injury.


• Under-inflated tires reduce the load car-


rying capacity of your vehicle.


When weather temperature changes occur, tire inflation pressures also change. A 10-degree temperature drop causes a corresponding drop of 1 psi (7 kPa) in inflation pressure. Check your tire pressures frequently and adjust them to the proper pressure, which can be found on the vehicle's tire information placard or certifi- cation label.


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173


99 = 1709 lbs (755 kg).


Speed ratings The speed ratings in the tables translate as fol- lows: M = 81 mph (130 km/h), V = 149 mph (240 km/h), W = 168 mph (270 km/h). See also page 177 for an explanation of the designations on the sidewall of the tire.


07 Wheels and tires


Tire inflation


Checking tire pressure


Cold tires Inflation pressure should be checked when the tires are cold. The tires are considered to be cold when they have the same temperature as the sur- rounding (ambient) air. This temperature is normally reached after the car has been parked for at least 3 hours. After driving a distance of approximately 1 mile (1.6 km), the tires are considered to be hot. If you have to drive farther than this distance to pump your tire(s), check and record the tire pressure first and add the appropriate air pres- sure when you get to the pump. If checking tire pressure when the tire is hot, never "bleed" or reduce air pressure. The tires are hot from driving and it is normal for pres- sures to increase above recommended cold pressures. A hot tire at or below recommended cold inflation pressure could be significantly under-inflated.


To check inflation pressure: 1. Remove the cap from the valve on one tire,


then firmly press the tire gauge onto the valve.


07


174


2. Add air to reach the recommended air


pressure


3. Replace the valve cap. 4. Repeat this procedure for each tire, includ-


ing the spare.


5. Visually inspect the tires to make sure there


are no nails or other objects embedded that could puncture the tire and cause an air leak.


6. Check the sidewalls to make sure there are no gouges, cuts, bulges or other irregular- ities.


NOTE


• If you overfill the tire, release air by


pushing on the metal stem in the center of the valve. Then recheck the pressure with your tire gauge.


• Some spare tires require higher inflation


pressure than the other tires. Consult the tire inflation tables, see page 175, or see the inflation pressure placard.


Load ratings The load ratings in the tables above translate as follows: 91 = 1365 lbs (615 kg), 93 = 1433 lbs (650 kg),


07 Wheels and tires


Inflation pressure—U.S. models


Tire inflation pressure table The following tire pressures are recommended by Volvo for your vehicle. Refer to the tire infla-


tion placard for information specific to the tires installed on your vehicle at the factory.


Tire size


Cold tire pressure up to four persons psi (kPa)


205/55R16 91V M+S


205/50R17 93V Extra Load M+S


215/45R18A 93W Extra load


Temporary spare tire T125/85R16 99M


Front


32 (220)


35 (240)


35 (240)


61 (420)


A Tires of this type may not be mounted on vehicles equipped with the optional self-leveling system.


Rear


32 (220)


35 (240)


35 (240)


61 (420)


07


175


07 Wheels and tires


Inflation pressure—Canadian models


Tire inflation pressure table The following tire pressures are recommended by Volvo for your vehicle. Refer to the tire infla-


tion placard for information specific to the tires installed on your vehicle at the factory.


Tire size


Cold tire pressures Up to four persons psi (kPa)


Optional pressure Up to three personsA psi (kPa)


205/55R16 91V M+S


205/50R17 93V Extra Load M+S


215/45R18 93W Extra loadB


Temporary spare tire T125/85R16 99M


Front


36 (250)


36 (250)


36 (250)


61 (420)


Rear


36 (250)


36 (250)


36 (250)


61 (420)


Front


30 (210)


35 (240)


35 (240)


61 (420)


Rear


30 (210)


32 (220)


32 (220)


61 (420)


A Optional pressure may not be used for homologation of fuel consumption or emissions. B Tires of this type may not be mounted on vehicles equipped with the optional self-leveling system.


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176


Tire designations


10


11


12


Federal law mandates that tire manufacturers place standardized information on the sidewall of all tires (see the illustration). The following information is listed on the tire sidewall: The tire designation:


NOTE


Please be aware that the following tire des- ignation is an example only and that this particular tire may not be available on your vehicle.


215: The width of the tire (in millimeters) from sidewall edge to sidewall edge. The larger the number, the wider the tire. 65: The ratio of the tire's height to its width.


R: Radial tire.


15: The diameter of the wheel rim (in inches). 95: The tire's load index. In this example, a load index of 95 equals a maximum load of 1521 lbs (690 kg). H: The tire's speed rating, or the maximum speed at which the tire is designed to be driven for extended periods of time, carry- ing a permissible load for the vehicle, and with correct inflation pressure. For exam- ple, H indicates a speed rating of 130 mph (210 km/h).


NOTE


This information may not appear on the tire because it is not required by law.


07 Wheels and tires


Tire designations


M+S or M/ S = Mud and Snow, AT = All Terrain, AS = All Season U.S. DOT Tire Identification Number (TIN): This begins with the letters "DOT" and indicates that the tire meets all federal standards. The next two numbers or letters are the plant code where it was manufac- tured, the next two are the tire size code and the last four numbers represent the week and year the tire was built. For exam- ple, 2501 means the 25th week of 2001. The numbers in between are marketing codes used at the manufacturer's discre- tion. This information helps a tire manufac- turer identify a tire for safety recall purpo- ses. Tire Ply Composition and Material Used: Indicates the number of plies indicates or the number of layers of rubber-coated fab- ric in the tire tread and sidewall. Tire man- ufacturers also must indicate the ply mate- rials in the tire and the sidewall, which include steel, nylon, polyester, and others. Maximum Load: Indicates the maximum load in pounds and kilograms that can be carried by the tire. Refer to the vehicle's tire information placard located on the B-Pillar or the driver's door for the correct tire pres- sure for your vehicle.


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177


07 Wheels and tires


Tire designations


Treadwear, Traction, and Temperature grades: See page 181 for more informa- tion. Maximum permissible inflation pres- sure: The greatest amount of air pressure that should ever be put in the tire. This limit is set by the tire manufacturer.


The tire suppliers may have additional mark- ings, notes or warnings such as standard load, radial tubeless, etc.


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Terminology • Tire information placard: A placard


showing the OE (Original Equipment) tire sizes, recommended inflation pressure, and the maximum weight the vehicle can carry.


• Tire Identification Number (TIN): A num- ber on the sidewall of each tire providing information about the tire brand and man- ufacturing plant, tire size and date of man- ufacturer.


• Inflation pressure: A measure of the


amount of air in a tire.


• Standard load: A class of P-metric or Met- ric tires designed to carry a maximum load at 35 psi [37 psi (2.5 bar) for Metric tires]. Increasing the inflation pressure beyond this pressure will not increase the tires load carrying capability.


• Extra load: A class of P-metric or Metric tires designed to carry a heavier maximum load at 41 psi [43 psi (2.9 bar) for Metric tires]. Increasing the inflation pressure beyond this pressure will not increase the tires load carrying capability.


• kPa: Kilopascal, a metric unit of air pres-


sure.


• PSI: Pounds per square inch, a standard


unit of air pressure.


• B-pillar: The structural member at the side


of the vehicle behind the front door.


• Bead area of the tire: Area of the tire next


to the rim.


• Sidewall of the tire: Area between the


bead area and the tread.


• Tread area of the tire: Area of the perim- eter of the tire that contacts the road when mounted on the vehicle.


• Rim: The metal support (wheel) for a tire or a tire and tube assembly upon which the tire beads are seated.


• Maximum load rating: a figure indicating


the maximum load in pounds and kilo- grams that can be carried by the tire. This rating is established by the tire manufac- turer.


• Maximum permissible inflation pres-


sure: the greatest amount of air pressure that should ever be put in the tire. This limit is set by the tire manufacturer.


• Recommended tire inflation pressure: inflation pressure, established by Volvo, which is based on the type of tires that are mounted on a vehicle at the factory. This inflation pressure is affected by the number of occupants in the car, the amount of cargo, and the speed at which the vehicle will be driven for a prolonged period. This information can be found on the tire infla- tion placard(s) located on the driver's side


07 Wheels and tires


Glossary of tire terminology


B-pillar and in the tire inflation table in this chapter.


• Cold tires: The tires are considered to be cold when they have the same temperature as the surrounding (ambient) air. This tem- perature is normally reached after the car has been parked for at least 3 hours.


Properly loading your vehicle will provide maxi- mum return of vehicle design performance.


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07 Wheels and tires


Vehicle loading


Loading the vehicle Before loading your vehicle, familiarize yourself with the following terms for determining your vehicle's weight ratings, with or without a trailer, from the vehicle's Federal/Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS/ CMVSS) label, and the vehicle's tire informa- tion placard:


Curb weight The weight of the vehicle including a full tank of fuel and all standard equipment. It does not include passengers, cargo, or optional equip- ment.


Capacity weight All weight added to the curb weight, including cargo and optional equipment. When towing, trailer hitch tongue load is also part of cargo weight.


Permissible axle weight The maximum allowable weight that can be carried by a single axle (front or rear). These numbers are shown on the Federal/Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS/ CMVSS) label. The total load on each axle must never exceed its maximum permissible weight.


Gross vehicle weight (GVW) The vehicle's curb weight + cargo + passen- gers.


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180


5. Determine the combined weight of luggage


and cargo being loaded on the vehicle. That weight may not safely exceed the available cargo and luggage load capacity calculated in Step 4.


WARNING


• Exceeding the permissible axle weight,


gross vehicle weight, or any other weight rating limits can cause tire over- heating resulting in permanent defor- mation or catastrophic failure.


• Do not use replacement tires with lower load carrying capacities than the tires that were original equipment on the vehicle because this will lower the vehi- cle's GVW rating. Replacement tires with a higher limit than the originals do not increase the vehicle's GVW rating limitations.


NOTE


• The location of the various labels in your


vehicle can be found on page 262.


• A table listing important weight limits for


your vehicle can be found on page 265.


Steps for Determining Correct Load Limit 1. Locate the statement "the combined


weight of occupants and cargo should never exceed XXX pounds" on your vehi- cle's placard.


2. Determine the combined weight of the


driver and passengers that will be riding in your vehicle.


3. Subtract the combined weight of the driver


and passengers from XXX kilograms or XXX pounds.


4. The resulting figure equals the available


amount of cargo and luggage load capacity. For example, if the "XXX" amount equals 1400 lbs. and there will be five 150 lbs. passengers in your vehicle, the amount of available cargo and luggage load capacity is 650 lbs. (1400–750 (5×150) = 650 lbs.)


Uniform tire quality gradings ALL PASSENGER VEHICLE TIRES MUST CONFORM TO FEDERAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS IN ADDITION TO THESE GRADES Quality grades can be found, where appli- cable, on the tire sidewall between the tread shoulder and maximum section width. For example: Treadwear 200 Traction AA Temperature A


TREADWEAR The treadwear grade is a comparative rating based on the wear rate of the tire when tested under controlled conditions on a specified gov- ernment test course. For example, a tire gra- ded 150 would wear one and one half (1 1/2) times as well on the government course as a tire graded 100. The relative performance of tires depends upon the actual conditions of their use, however, and many depart signifi- cantly from the norm due to variation in driving habits, maintenance practices and differences in road characteristics and climate.


TRACTION The traction grades, from highest to lowest, are AA, A, B, and C, as measured under controlled conditions on specified government test sur-


faces of asphalt and concrete. A tire marked C may have poor traction performance. The trac- tion grade assigned to this tire is based on braking (straight-ahead) traction tests and is not a measure of cornering (turning) traction.


WARNING


The traction grade assigned to this tire is based on braking (straight-ahead) traction tests and is not a measure of cornering (turning) traction.


TEMPERATURE The temperature grades are AA (the highest), A, B, and C, representing the tire's resistance to the generation of heat and its ability to dis- sipate heat when tested under controlled con- ditions on a specified indoor laboratory test wheel. Sustained high temperature can cause the material of the tire to degenerate and reduce tire life, and excessive temperature can lead to sudden tire failure. The grade C corre- sponds to a minimum level of performance that all passenger vehicle tires must meet under the Federal Motor Safety Standard No. 109. Grades B and A represent higher levels of per- formance on the laboratory test wheel than the minimum required by law.


07 Wheels and tires


Uniform tire quality gradings


WARNING


The temperature grade for this tire is estab- lished for a tire that is properly inflated and not overloaded. Excessive speed, under- inflation, or excessive loading, either sepa- rately or in combination, can cause heat buildup and tire failure.


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181


07 Wheels and tires


Snow chains, snow tires, studded tires


Snow chains Snow chains can be used on your Volvo with the following restrictions: • Snow chains should be installed on front


wheels only. Use only Volvo approved snow chains.


• If accessory, aftermarket or "custom" tires and wheels are installed and are of a size different than the original tires and wheels, chains in some cases CANNOT be used. Sufficient clearances between chains and brakes, suspension and body components must be maintained.


• Some strap-on type chains will interfere


with brake components and therefore CANNOT be used.


Consult your Volvo retailer for additional snow chain information.


ure to do so could reduce traction to an unsafe level or adversely affect handling. • Do not mix tires of different design as this could also negatively affect overall tire road grip.


• Winter tires wear more quickly on dry roads in warm weather. They should be removed when the winter driving season has ended.


• Studded tires should be run-in


300–600 miles (500–1000 km) during which the car should be driven as smoothly as possible to give the studs the opportu- nity to seat properly in the tires. The tires should have the same rotational direction throughout their entire lifetime.


NOTE


Please consult state or provincial regula- tions restricting the use of studded winter tires before installing such tires.


CAUTION


• Check local regulations regarding the use of snow chains before installing.


• Always follow the chain manufacturer's installation instructions carefully. Install chains as tightly as possible and retighten periodically.


• Never exceed the chain manufacturer's specified maximum speed limit. (Under no circumstances should you exceed 31 mph (50 km/h).


• Avoid bumps, holes or sharp turns


when driving with snow chains.


• The handling of the vehicle can be


adversely affected when driving with chains. Avoid fast or sharp turns as well as locked wheel braking.


Snow tires, studded tires


Tires for winter use: • Owners who live in or regularly commute through areas with sustained periods of snow or icy driving conditions are strongly advised to fit suitable winter tires to help retain the highest degree of traction.


• It is important to install winter tires on all four wheels to help retain traction during cornering, braking, and accelerating. Fail-


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182


Temporary spare The spare tire in your vehicle1 is called a "Tem- porary Spare". Recommended tire pressure (see the placard on the B-pillar or on the fuel filler door) should be maintained irrespective of which position on the car the temporary spare tire is used. In the event of damage to this tire, a new one can be purchased from your Volvo retailer.


WARNING


Current legislation prohibits the use of the "Temporary Spare" tire other than as a tem- porary replacement for a punctured tire. It must be replaced as soon as possible by a standard tire. Road holding and handling may be affected with the "Temporary Spare" in use. Do not exceed a speed of 50 mph (80 km/h) with the "Temporary Spare" in use.


CAUTION


The car must not be driven with wheels of different dimensions or with a spare tire other than the one that came with the car. The use of different size wheels can seri- ously damage your car's transmission.


1 Not on models equipped with the Tire sealing system.


07 Wheels and tires


Temporary spare


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183


07 Wheels and tires


Wheel nuts


Wheel nuts


WARNING


Never use the short type of nut for alumi- nium wheels. This could cause the wheel to come loose.


Aluminum wheels – high nut Only the high type of nut can be used for alu- minum wheels. This is considerably different from other types of nut because it has a rotat- ing conical thrust washer.


NOTE


This nut can also be used on steel wheels.


Low nut.


High nut.


There are two different types of wheel nut, depending on whether the wheels are steel or aluminum.


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Steel rims – low nut Steel rims are normally secured using the low type of nut, although steel rims may also use the high type.


Lockable wheel nut If steel wheels with lockable wheel nuts are used in combination with wheel covers, the lockable wheel nut must be fitted to the stud nearest the air valve. The wheel cover cannot otherwise be installed on the wheel.


184


Changing a wheel


The spare tire, jack, and crank are located under the carpet on the floor of the cargo area. To change a tire: 1. Apply the parking brake. 2. Put the gear selector in Park (P) or reverse


on models with a manual transmission. 3. Block the wheels that are on the ground


with wooden blocks or large stones.


4. Remove the wheel cover (where applica- ble) using the lug wrench in the tool bag.


07 Wheels and tires


Changing a wheel


5. With the car still on the ground, use the lug wrench to loosen the wheel nuts 1/2–1 turn by exerting downward pressure. Turn the nuts counterclockwise to loosen.


6. There are two jack attachment points on


each side of the car. Position the jack cor- rectly in the attachment (see the illustration) and crank while simultaneously guiding the base of the jack to the ground. The base of the jack must be flat on a level, firm, non- slippery surface. Before raising the car, check that the jack is still correctly posi- tioned in the attachment.


Jack attachment points 7. Raise the vehicle until the wheel to be


changed is lifted off the ground.


8. Unscrew the wheel nuts completely and carefully remove the wheel so as not to damage the threads on the studs.


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185


07 Wheels and tires


Changing a wheel


WARNING


• The jack must correctly engage the jack


attachment.


• Be sure the jack is on a firm, level, non-


slippery surface.


• Never allow any part of your body to be


extended under a car supported by a jack.


• Use the jack intended for the car when changing a tire. For any other job, use stands to support the car.


• Apply the parking brake and put the


gear selector in the Park (P) position or reverse on models with a manual trans- mission.


• Block the wheels standing on the


ground, use rigid wooden blocks or large stones.


• The jack should be kept well-greased and clean, and should not be damaged. • No objects should be placed between


the base of jack and the ground, or between the jack and the attachment bar on the vehicle.


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186


Installing the wheel 1. Clean the contact surfaces on the wheel


and hub.


2. Lift the wheel and place it on the hub. 3.


Install the wheel nuts and tighten hand- tight. Using the lug wrench, tighten cross- wise until all nuts are snug.


WARNING


The jack and any tools should always be returned to their proper storage compart- ments after use to help keep them securely in place in the event of sudden braking, etc.


4. Lower the vehicle to the ground and alter-


nately tighten the bolts crosswise to 81 ft. lbs. (110 Nm). Install the wheel cover (where applicable).


5.


Returning the jack to its storage space The jack (certain models) and tools should be returned to their correct storage places after use. • On vehicles equipped with a jack and


spare wheel, the jack should be cranked down and returned to its storage position after use.


• On vehicles equipped with the tire sealing system, the jack should be cranked down as far as possible and returned to its stor- age position in the foam block.


Introduction


Certain models are equipped with a tire sealing system* that enables you to temporarily seal a hole in the tread surface and re-inflate a flat tire, or to adjust a tire’s inflation pressure. The system consists of an air compressor, a container for the sealing compound, wiring to connect the system to the vehicle’s electrical system via one of the 12-volt sockets, and a hose used to connect the system to the tire’s inflation valve. The 12-volt sockets are located in the front tunnel console and on the rear side of the tun- nel console, in the rear seat.


07 Wheels and tires


Tire Sealing System


WARNING


• After using the tire sealing system, the vehicle should not be driven farther than approximately 120 miles (200 km).


• Have the tire inspected by a trained and


qualified Volvo service technician as soon as possible to determine if it can be permanently repaired or must be replaced.


• The vehicle should not be driven faster than 50 mph (80 km/h) while using a tire that has been temporarily repaired with the tire sealing system.


• After using the tire sealing system, drive


carefully and avoid abrupt steering maneuvers and sudden stops.


Accessing the tire sealing system The tire sealing system is stowed under the floor of the cargo area. To access it: 1. Lift the floor hatch in the cargo area. 2. Remove the screw holding the tire sealing


system's retaining bracket.


3. Lift out the tire sealing system.


NOTE


• The tire sealing system is only intended to seal holes on the tire’s tread area, not the sidewall.


• Tires with large holes or tears cannot be


repaired with the tire sealing system. • After use, stow the tire sealing system


properly to help prevent rattling.


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* Option/accessory, for more information, see Introduction.


187


07 Wheels and tires


Tire Sealing System


Stowing the tire sealing system


Tire sealing system–overview


WARNING


Please keep the following points in mind when using the tire sealing system: • The sealing compound bottle (no. 8 in


the illustration) contains 1.2-Ethanol and natural rubber-latex. These sub- stances are harmful if swallowed.


• The contents of this bottle may cause allergic skin reactions or otherwise be potentially harmful to the skin, the cen- tral nervous system, and the eyes.


Precautions: • Keep out of reach of children. • Do not ingest the contents. • Avoid prolonged or repeated contact


with the skin.


• Hands should be washed thoroughly


after handling.


First aid: • Skin: Wash affected areas of skin with soap and water. Get medical attention if symptoms occur.


• Eyes: Flush with plenty of water for least


15 minutes, occasionally lifting the


1. Return the tire sealing system to its storage


position.


2. Put the retaining bracket in its proper posi-


tion.


Speed limit sticker


On/Off switch


Electrical wire


3. Tighten the screw that holds the bracket in


place.


07


Be sure the bracket is correctly installed and the screw tightened to help keep the tire seal- ing system from rattling.


Bottle holder (orange cover)


Protective hose cover


Air release knob


Hose


Bottle with sealing compound


Air pressure gauge


188


upper and lower eyelids. Get medical attention if symptoms occur.


• Inhalation: Move the person to fresh air. If irritation persists, get medical atten- tion.


Tire sealing system–temporarily repairing a flat tire


07 Wheels and tires


Tire Sealing System


4. Put on the gloves included in the tire seal-


ing system.


WARNING


Contact with the sealing compound may cause skin irritation. If contact occurs, wash the affected area immediately with soap and water.


5. Unscrew the orange cover over the bottle holder and unscrew the cap on the bottle of sealing compound.


NOTE


Do not break the seal on the bottle. This occurs automatically when the bottle is screwed into the holder.


NOTE


Do not remove any foreign objects (nails, etc.) from the tire before using the sealing system.


• Stage 2: The tire’s inflation pressure is


checked and adjusted if necessary.


WARNING


• Never leave the tire sealing system


unattended when it is operating.


• Keep the tire sealing system away from


children.


• Be sure the vehicle is parked safely off the road and away from moving traffic.


• Apply the parking brake.


Temporarily repairing a flat tire is done in two stages: • Stage 1: The hole is sealed by pumping sealing compound into the tire. The car is then driven a short distance to distribute the sealing compound in the tire.


Stage 1: Sealing the hole 1. Open the cover on the tire sealing kit. 2. Peel off the speed limit sticker and affix it to the steering wheel hub where it will be clearly visible to the driver.


3. Ensure that the on/off switch is in posi-


tion 0 (the 0 side of the switch should be pressed down).


6. Screw the bottle into the bottle holder.


WARNING


The bottle is equipped with a catch to keep it securely in place and help prevent sealing

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