1997 Nissan Altima Owners Manual

3. Move the fan control dial to the desired

button in.

position.

4. Move the temperature control lever to the

desired position.

Heating and defogging This mode heats the interior and defogs the windshield. 1. Push the 2. Move the fan control dial to the desired

button in.

position.

3. Move the temperature control lever to the desired position between the middle and the HOT position.

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Operating tips c Clear snow and ice from the wiper blades and air inlet in front of the windshield. This improves heater op- eration.

c When the

or

switch is se- lected, the air recirculation mode auto- matically turns off. Outside air is drawn into the passenger compartment to improve the defogging performance.

AIR CONDITIONER OPERATION (If so equipped) Start the engine, move the fan control dial to the desired (1 to 4) position and push in the A/C button to activate the air conditioner. When the air conditioner is on, cooling and dehumidifying functions are added to the heater operation. The air conditioner cooling function op- erates only when the engine is running.

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Cooling This mode is used to cool and dehumidify. 1. Push the air recirculation button to the off

position. 2. Push the 3. Move the fan control dial to the desired

button in.

position.

4. Push on the air conditioner button. The

indicator light comes on.

5. Move the temperature control lever to the

desired position.

c For quick cooling when the outside tem- perature is high, push the air recirculation button to the on position. Be sure to return the air recirculation button to the off position for normal cooling.

Dehumidified heating This mode is used to heat and dehumidify. 1. Push the air recirculation button to the off

position. 2. Push the 3. Move the fan control dial to the desired

button in.

position.

4. Push on the air conditioner button. The

indicator light comes on.

5. Move the temperature control lever to the

desired position.

Dehumidified defogging This mode defogs the windows and dehu- midifies. 1. Push the 2. Move the fan control dial to the desired

button in.

position.

3. Push the air conditioner button. The indi-

cator light comes on.

4. Move the temperature control lever to the

desired position. When the button is pushed, the air conditioner automatically turns on to de- fog the windshield, and the air recircula- tion mode automatically turns off.

Outside air is drawn into the passenger compartment to improve the defogging per- formance. Operating tips c Keep the windows and sun roof closed while the air conditioner is in operation.

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c After parking in the sun, drive for two or three minutes with the windows open to vent hot air from the passenger compart- ment. Then, close the windows. This allows the air conditioner to cool the interior more quickly.

c The air conditioner system should be operated for about ten minutes at least once a month. This helps pre- vent damage to the system due to lack of lubrication. the coolant

temperature gauge ex- ceeds the H (hot) position, turn the air conditioner off. See ‘‘If your vehicle over- heats’’ in the ‘‘In case of emergency’’ section for additional information.

c If

AIR FLOW CHARTS The charts on the following pages show the switch and lever positions for MAXIMUM and QUICK heating, cooling, or defrosting.

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AHA0529

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HEATER AND AIR CONDITIONER (AUTOMATIC) (If so equipped)

WARNING

c The air conditioner cooling function operates only when the engine is running. c Do not

leave children, unreliable adults, or pets alone in your vehicle. On hot sunny days, temperatures in a closed vehicle could quickly be- come high enough to cause severe or possibly fatal injuries to people or animals.

AHA0534

c Do not use the recirculation mode for long periods as it may cause the interior air to become stale and the windows to fog up.

c Positioning of the heating or air con- ditioning controls should not be done while driving, in order that full attention may be given to the driving operation.

Controls Start the engine and operate the controls to activate the climate control system. Push the OFF switch to turn the system off.

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The air conditioner cooling function op- erates only when the engine is running. Cooling and/or dehumidified heat- ing (AUTO mode) This mode may be used throughout the year as the system automatically works to main- tain the customer-selected temperature. Air flow distribution and fan speed are also controlled automatically. 1. Push the AUTO switch on. AUTO and the previously selected temperature appear in the display.

2. Push the temperature set button to set the desired temperature.

or

c Adjust

the temperature to about 75°F

(24°C) for normal operation.

c The temperature of the passenger com- partment is maintained automatically. Air flow distribution and fan speed are also controlled automatically. Heating (ECON mode) The ECON (economy) mode provides cli- mate control without activating the air con- ditioner. When only heating of the passen- ger compartment is desired, use this mode.

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1. Push the ECON switch on. ECON ap-

pears in the display.

2. Push the temperature set button to set the desired temperature.

or

c The temperature of the passenger com- partment is maintained as selected by the temperature set button. Air flow dis- tribution and fan speed are also con- trolled automatically in an effort to reach the desired termperature.

c Do not select a temperature setting lower than the outside air temperature. Due to the absence of air conditioner operation, the selected interior temperature may not be reached.

c ECON mode is not recommended if the windows are fogging up. If the windows begin to fog up while using the ECON mode, use the procedures outlined in ‘‘Dehumidified defogging’’. Dehumidified defogging 1. Push the

switch on. The indicator

light comes on.

2. Push the temperature set button

to set the desired temperature.

or

c To quickly remove ice or fog from the outside of the windows, push the manual fan control switch and set to the maxi- mum position

c As soon as possible after the windshield is clean, push the AUTO switch to return to the auto mode.

c When the

switch is pushed, the air conditioner automatically turns on at out- side temperatures above 35°F (2°C) to defog the windshield, and the air recircu- lation mode automatically turns off. Outside air is drawn into the passenger compartment to improve the defogging performance.

Manual fan speed control Push the fan control switches to manually control the fan speed. Each fan speed is indicated by the shading of a fan blade on indicates the display. For example, that the fan is operating at low speed and indicates that the fan is operating at

medium-high speed. c Push the AUTO switch to return to auto-

matic control of the fan speed.

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Air recirculation switch Push the air recirculation switch to recircu- late interior air inside the vehicle. The indi- cator light comes on. Push it again to draw outside air into the passenger compartment. The indicator goes out. c The air recirculation mode cannot be mode has

activated when the been selected.

Manual air flow control Pushing the manual air flow control switch selects the air outlet.

— Air flows from center and side

ventilators.

— Air flows from center and side

ventilators and foot outlets.

— Air flows mainly from foot outlets. — Air flows from defroster outlets

and foot outlets.

— Air flows mainly from defroster

outlets.

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Operating tips c When the engine coolant

temperature and outside air temperature are low, the air flow from the foot outlets may not operate for a maximum of 180 seconds. This is not a malfunction. After the cool- ant temperature warms up, the air flows from the foot outlets normally.

Servicing air conditioner The air conditioner system in your NISSAN vehicle is charged with a refrigerant de- signed with the environment in mind. This refrigerant does not harm the earth’s ozone layer. Special charging equipment and lubricant is required when servicing your NISSAN air conditioner. Using improper refrigerants or lubricants will cause severe damage to your air conditioner system. See ‘‘Air conditioner system refrigerant and lubricant recommen- dations’’ in the ‘‘Technical and consumer information’’ section of this manual. Your NISSAN dealer is able to service your environmentally conscious air conditioner system.

AHA0501

The sensor on the instrument panel helps maintain a constant temperature; do not put anything on or around this sensor.

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RADIO

influences.

To turn the radio on, turn the ignition key to ACC or ON. If you listen to the radio with the engine not running, turn the key to the ACC position. Radio reception is affected by station signal strength, distance from radio transmitter, buildings, bridges, mountains and other ex- ternal Intermittent changes in reception quality normally are caused by these external influences. CLOCK-RADIO (If so equipped) On vehicles equipped with an AM-FM radio and cassette player, a clock is integrated into the audio system. For further details, refer to ‘‘Clock Operation’’ later in this sec- tion.

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AM-FM RADIO WITH CASSETTE PLAYER RADIO OPERATION Push the ON-OFF/VOL knob to turn the radio on. Push the ON-OFF/VOL knob once more to turn the radio off. Turn the knob to adjust the volume. Inserting a cassette tape into the cassette player while the radio is on turns the radio off and turns the cassette player on. Pushing the ON-OFF/VOL knob while a cassette tape is playing turns the cassette player off. Clock Operation Pressing the CLOCK button alternates the clock and the radio/cassette tape options in the display. Clock Set Depressing the CLOCK and the together CLOCK and utes.

buttons hours. Depressing the buttons together sets min-

sets

AHA0626

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Clock Priority Mode In this mode the clock is shown in the display. If any radio or cassette tape func- tions are activated, the radio (or cassette tape) display illuminates for ten seconds then returns to the clock mode. NOTE: After clock adjustment, the radio is in the clock priority mode. Radio/Cassette Tape Priority Mode In this mode, the radio station illuminates in the display during radio operation. During cassette tape operation, TAPE illuminates in the display. Selecting the desired band Push the band select button (FM/AM) to change from AM to FM reception. The stereo indicator glows during FM stereo reception. When the stereo broadcast signal is weak, the radio automatically changes from stereo to monaural reception.

Tuning

WARNING

The radio should not be tuned while driving in order that full attention may be given to the driving operation.

Manual tuning Push down either manual

or

tuning button

SEEK tuning Push the SEEK/SCAN tuning button for less than 1.5 seconds. SEEK tuning begins from low to high frequencies and stops at the next broadcasting station. Pushing the but- ton again continues the SEEK function. Once the highest broadcasting station is reached, the radio continues in the SEEK mode at the lowest broadcast station. SCAN tuning Push the SEEK/SCAN tuning button for more than 1.5 seconds. SCAN illuminates in the display window. SCAN tuning begins from low to high frequencies and stops at each broadcasting station for five seconds. Push- ing the button again during this five second period stops SCAN tuning and the radio remains tuned to that station.

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Station memory operations Six stations can be set for each band. 1. Tune to the desired station. 2. Push the desired select button for more

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in the than 2 seconds. For example, diagram ch2 is to be memorized. The radio mutes when the select button is pushed.

3. The indicator, ch2, then comes on in the display and the sound resumes. Memo- rizing is now complete.

4. Other select buttons can be set in the

same manner.

If the battery cable is disconnected, or if the fuse opens, the radio memory is cancelled. In that case, reset the desired stations.

Adjusting tone quality and speaker balance To adjust BASS, TREB (treble), FADER, and BAL (balance) the control knobs must be released from their stowed positions. Pushing the knobs once moves them to the released position. In the released position, the knobs control tone quality. Turn the control knobs to adjust BASS and TREB to the most pleasing level. From the released position, the knobs must be pulled out in order to control FADER and BAL. FADER adjusts the sound level be-

3-14

AHA0522

tween the front and rear speakers, and BAL adjusts the sound level between the right and left speakers. Once sound quality is set to the desired levels, return the control knobs to the stowed position by pushing them in com- pletely and releasing. CASSETTE TAPE OPERATION Turn the ignition key to ACC or ON, then carefully insert a cassette tape into the tape door. The cassette tape automatically pulls into the player. The word TAPE and an arrow

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indicating tape side illuminates in the dis- play window.

CAUTION

Do not force the cassette tape into the tape door. This could cause player damage.

The cassette tape automatically changes directions to play the other side when the first side is complete. At this time, the arrow in the display window changes direction. c To maintain good quality sound, NIS- SAN recommends using cassette tapes of 60 minutes or shorter in length.

c Cassette tapes should be removed from the player when not in use. Store cassettes in their protective cases and away from direct sunlight, heat, moisture and magnetic sources.

c Direct sunlight can cause the cassette to become deformed. The use of de- formed cassettes may cause the cas- sette to jam in the player.

c Do not use cassettes with labels which are peeling and loose. If used,

the label could jam in the player.

c If a cassette has loose tape, insert a pencil through one of the cassette hubs and rewind the tape firmly around the hubs. Loose tape may cause tape jamming and wavering sound quality.

c Over a period of time, the playback head, capstan and pinch roller may collect a tape coating residue as the tape passes over the head. This resi- due accumulation can cause weak or wavering sound, and should be re- moved periodically with a head clean- ing tape. If the residue is not removed periodically, the player may need to be disassembled for cleaning.

forwarding or rewinding the

Fast tape Push either the FF (fast forward) or REW (rewind) button for the desired direction. The display. To stop the FF or REW function, press the PLAY/STOP button.

symbol illuminates in the

or

Automatic Program Search (APS) fast forwarding or APS rewinding the tape Push either the APS FF or APS REW button while the cassette tape is playing. The tape runs quickly, stops, then plays the next selection. The indicator light flashes on and off while searching for the selection. The symbol illuminates in the

or

display. This system searches at the blank intervals between selections. If there is a blank inter- val within one selection or there is no inter- val between selections, the system may not stop in the desired or expected location. Changing the direction of tape play Push the PROG (program) select button. symbol illuminates in the The display to indicate side of program play. Playing and stopping the cassette tape Push the PLAY/STOP button while the cas- sette tape is playing to stop the tape. Push the button again to play the tape.

or

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Dolby NR (noise reduction) Push the DOLBY NR button for Dolby NR encoded tapes to reduce high frequency tape noise. The indicator light comes on. Dolby NR is manufactured under license from Dolby Laboratories Licensing Corpora- tion. DOLBY NR and the double-D symbol are trademarks of Dolby Laboratories Li- censing Corporation. If

in the clock priority mode when the and TAPE illuminate in the display window for about ten seconds. The clock mode then returns to the display window. Metal or chrome tape usage The cassette player is automatically set to high performance play when playing a metal or chrome cassette tape. Ejecting the cassette tape Push the EJECT button. The cassette tape automatically comes out.

button is pressed,

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AM-FM RADIO WITH CASSETTE PLAYER AND COMPACT DISC PLAYER RADIO OPERATION This radio has an FM Diversity reception system, which employs two antennas. One is a rod type antenna; the other is an antenna printed on the rear window. This system automatically switches to the an- tenna which is receiving the strongest radio signal. Power button Turn the ignition key to ACC or ON, then push the POWER button. The mode (radio, tape or CD) which was playing immediately before the system was turned off resumes playing. When no CD or tape is loaded, the radio comes on. Pushing the POWER button again turns the system off. VOL (volume) control knob Turn the VOL control knob to adjust the volume.

AHA0532

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Adjusting tone quality and speaker balance To adjust BASS, TREB (treble), FADER, and BAL (balance) the control knobs must be released from their stowed positions. Pushing the knobs once moves them to the released position. In the released position, the knobs control tone quality. Turn the control knobs to adjust BASS and TREB to the most pleasing level. From the released position, the knobs must be pulled out in order to control FADER and BAL. FADER adjusts the sound level be-

AHA0526

tween the front and rear speakers, and BAL adjusts the sound level between the right and left speakers. Once sound quality is set to the desired levels, return the control knobs to the stowed position by pushing them in com- pletely and releasing. FM/AM band select button Pushing the FM/AM band select button changes the band. When the POWER button is pushed while the ignition switch is in the ACC or ON position, the radio comes on at the band

3-18

and the station last played. The FM stereo indicator, ST, glows during FM stereo reception. When the stereo broadcast signal is weak, the radio auto- matically changes from stereo to monaural reception. TUNE/DISC button

WARNING

The radio should not be tuned while driving in order that full attention may be given to the driving operation.

Use these buttons for manual tuning. To move quickly through the channels, hold either of the tuning buttons down for more than 1.5 seconds. SEEK/SCAN buttons SEEK tuning Push the SEEK/SCAN tuning button

or for less than 1.5 seconds. SEEK tuning begins from low to high frequencies or high to low frequencies, depending on which button is pressed, and stops at the next broadcasting station. Once the highest broadcasting station is reached, the radio

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If

using

station.

continues in the SEEK mode at the lowest the broadcasting button, once the lowest broadcasting station is reached, the radio continues in the SEEK mode at the highest broadcasting station. Pushing the button again continues the SEEK function. SCAN tuning Push the SEEK/SCAN tuning button

or for more than 1.5 seconds. SCAN tun- ing begins from low to high frequencies or high to low frequencies, depending on which button is pressed. SCAN tuning stops at each broadcasting station for five sec- onds. Pushing the button again during this five second period stops SCAN tuning and the radio remains tuned to that station.

in the than 3 seconds. For example, diagram ch2 is to be memorized. The radio mutes when the select button is pushed.)

3. The indicator, ch2, then illuminates in the display and the sound resumes. Memo- rizing is now complete.

4. Other buttons can be set in the same

manner.

If the battery cable is disconnected, or if the radio fuse opens, the radio memory is can- celled. In that case, reset the desired stations. CASSETTE TAPE OPERATION Turn the ignition key to ACC or ON, and lightly insert the cassette tape into the tape door. The cassette tape automatically pulls into the player. The radio or CD turns off (if it is on) and the cassette tape begins to play.

CAUTION

Do not force the cassette tape into the tape door. This could cause player damage.

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AHA0531

Station memory operations Six stations can be set for each band. 1. Tune to the desired station. 2. Push the desired select button for more

3-19

If the system is turned off by pushing the POWER button with the cassette tape still in the player, the tape resumes playing when the POWER button is pushed once again. TAPE button When this button is pushed with the system turned off and a tape loaded, the system comes on and the tape plays. When this button is pushed with either the radio or compact disc turned on and the tape loaded, the compact disc or the radio automatically turns off and the tape plays. While the tape is playing, pushing the TAPE button stops tape play. Pushing the button again resumes tape play. FF (fast forward) and REW (rewind) buttons Push the FF (fast forward) button to fast forward the tape. Push the REW (rewind) button to rewind the tape. Either the indicator light comes on when the FF or REW function is started. To stop the FF or REW function, press the TAPE button.

or

Automatic Program Search (APS) FF and APS REW buttons

When the APS FF button is pushed while the tape is being played, the next selection starts to play from the beginning. Push the APS FF button several times to skip several selections. The tape advances the number of selections the button is pushed (up to 9
selections). When the APS REW button is pushed, the selection being played starts over from the beginning. Push several times to fast rewind several selections. The tape rewinds the number of selections the button is pushed. Either light comes on when the APS FF or APS REW function is started. This system searches for the blank intervals between selections. If there is a blank inter- val within one selection or there is no inter- val between selections, the system may not stop in the desired or expected location. PROG (program) button Push the PROG (program) button to change the tape side while the tape is being played.

indicator

the

or

The cassette tape automatically changes directions to play the other side when the first side is complete. Dolby NR (noise reduction) button Push the DOLBY NR button for Dolby NR encoded tapes to reduce high frequency tape noise. The indicator light comes on. Dolby NR is manufactured under license from Dolby Laboratories Licensing Corpora- tion. DOLBY NR and the double-D symbol are trademarks of Dolby Laboratories Li- censing Corporation. TAPE EJECT button Push this button to eject an inserted tape. When the tape ejects while playing, the system turns off. Precautions on cassette player op- eration c To maintain good quality sound, NISSAN recommends using cassette tapes of 60 minutes or shorter in length.

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c Cassette tapes should be removed from the player when not in use. Store cassettes in their protective cases and away from direct sunlight, heat, moisture or magnetic sources.

c Direct sunlight can cause the cassette to become deformed. The use of de- formed cassettes may cause the cas- sette to jam in the player.

c Do not use cassettes that have peel- ing or loose labels. If used, the label could jam in the player.

c If a cassette has loose tape, insert a pencil through one of the cassette hubs and rewind the tape firmly. Loose tape may cause jamming and wavering sound quality.

c Over a period of time, the playback head, capstan and pinch roller may gather a tape coating residue as the tape passes over the head. This resi- due accumulation can cause a weak or wavering sound and should be re- moved periodically with a head clean- ing tape. If the residue is not removed periodically, the player may need to be disassembled for cleaning.

COMPACT DISC (CD) PLAYER OPERATION Turn the ignition key to the ACC or ON position and insert the compact disc into the slot with the label side facing up. The com- pact disc is automatically pulled into the slot and starts to play. If the radio or cassette tape is already operating, it automatically turns off and the compact disc begins to play.

CAUTION

Do not force the compact disc into the slot. This could damage the player.

If the system is turned off while the compact disc is playing, pushing the POWER button starts the compact disc. CD button When this button is pushed with the system off and the compact disc loaded, the system turns on and the compact disc starts to play. When this button is pushed with the com- pact disc loaded and the tape or the radio playing, radio automatically turns off and the compact disc starts to play.

the tape or

3-21

When this button is pushed while the com- pact disc is playing, the compact disc stops playing. FF (fast forward), REW (rewind) button When the FF (fast forward) or REW (rewind) button is pushed while the compact disc is playing, the compact disc plays at an in- creased speed while fast forwarding or re- winding. When the button is released, the compact disc returns to normal play speed. Automatic Program Search (APS) FF, APS REW button

When the APS FF button is pushed while the compact disc is playing, the selection following the present one starts to play from its beginning. Push several times to skip several selections. The compact disc ad- vances the number of times the button is pushed. (When the last selection on the compact disc is skipped, the first selection is played.) When the APS REW button is pushed, the selection being played returns to its begin- ning. Push several times to skip back several

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selections. The compact disc goes back the number of selections the button is pushed. PROG (program) button When this button is pushed while listening to the compact disc, the play pattern changes as follows: ALL: All selections are played repeatedly in sequence. 1: Only one selection (the one playing when the PROG button is pushed) is repeated. RANDOM: Selections are played at ran- dom, not following the sequence on the compact disc. The same program may be repeated twice. h (no mark): All selections are played in sequence, and the compact disc stops when the last selection is finished. When the compact disc is ejected, the play pattern automatically changes to ALL. CD EJECT button When the CD EJECT button is pushed with a compact disc loaded, the compact disc ejects.

ANTENNA

When this button is pushed while the com- pact disc is playing, the compact disc ejects and the system turns off. If the compact disc ejects and is not removed within 10 seconds, it is pulled back into the slot. CD (DISC) indicator light This light comes on when a compact disc is loaded into the player.

CAUTION

c During cold weather or rainy days, the player may malfunction due to the humidity. If this occurs, remove the CD and dehumidify or ventilate the player completely.

c The player may skip while driving on

rough roads.

c The CD player sometimes cannot function when the compartment tem- perature is extremely high. Decrease the temperature before use.

c Do not expose the CD to direct sun-

light.

Power antenna (If so equipped) The power antenna automatically extends when the radio is turned on, and retracts when the radio is turned off. If the radio is left on, the antenna retracts and extends with the ignition key OFF-ON operation.

CAUTION

c Before turning the radio on, make sure that there is no one near the antenna outlet and there is enough space for it to extend.

c To prevent damage, be sure that an- tenna is fully retracted before the vehicle enters an automated car wash.

c Dirt and other foreign matter on the power antenna rod may interrupt its operation. Clean the rod periodically with a damp cloth. This type of cleaning is especially important dur- ing the winter seasons in areas where road salt and other chemicals may be spread on road surfaces and splashed onto the antenna rod.

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Manual antenna The manual antenna cannot be shortened, but can be removed. When you need to remove the antenna, turn its base counter- clockwise.

CB RADIO OR CAR PHONE

Microphone installed model If equipped with a genuine cellular phone, your NISSAN features a non-directional microphone in the steering column cover, so it is not necessary to look at or speak directly into the microphone when calling. To do so could detract from the driving operation and cause an accident. See the manual for car phone operation Pre-wired and antenna for phone installed model Some models are pre-wired to accept the genuine NISSAN cellular phone. In addition, the same model has the phone antenna built into the rear glass window When installing a CB, ham radio or car phone in your NISSAN, be sure to observe the following cautions, otherwise the new equipment may adversely affect the MFI (Multiport Fuel Injection) system and other electronic parts.

CAUTION

c Keep the antenna as far as possible away from the Engine Control Module.

c Also keep the antenna wire more than 8 inches (20 cm) away from the MFI harness. Do not route the an- tenna wire next to any harness.

c Adjust the antenna standing-wave the

recommended by

ratio as manufacturer.

c Connect the ground wire from the

CB radio chassis to the body.

c For details, consult a NISSAN dealer.

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4 Starting and driving

Precautions when starting and driving...................4-2
Exhaust gas (carbon monoxide) ............................4-2
Three way catalyst .................................................4-2
Drinking alcohol/drugs and driving.........................4-3
Ignition switch.........................................................4-4
Manual transmission ..............................................4-4
Automatic transmission ..........................................4-4
Before starting the engine......................................4-5
Driving with automatic transmission.......................4-6
Overdrive switch.....................................................4-8
Driving with manual transmission ..........................4-9

Starting the engine...............................................4-10
Parking brake operation.......................................4-11
Cruise control .......................................................4-12
Break-in schedule ................................................4-14
Increasing fuel economy ......................................4-14
Parking/parking on hills........................................4-15
Power steering system.........................................4-16
Brake system........................................................4-16
Anti-lock brake system (ABS) (if so equipped) ....................................................4-17
Cold weather driving ............................................4-18

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PRECAUTIONS WHEN STARTING AND DRIVING

WARNING

Do not leave children, unreliable adults, or pets alone in your vehicle. They could accidentally injure them- selves or others through inadvertent operation of the vehicle. Also, on hot, sunny days, temperatures in a closed vehicle could quickly become high enough to cause severe or possibly fatal injuries to people or animals.

EXHAUST GAS (Carbon Monoxide)

WARNING

Do not breathe exhaust gases; they contain colorless and odorless carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide is dan- gerous. It can cause unconsciousness or death. c If you suspect that exhaust fumes are entering the vehicle, drive with all windows fully open, and have the vehicle inspected immediately.

c Do not run the engine in closed

spaces such as a garage.

c Do not park the vehicle with the engine running for any extended length of time.

c Keep the trunk lid closed while driv- ing, otherwise exhaust gases could be drawn into the passenger com- partment. If you must drive in this manner for some reason, take the following steps: 1. Open all the windows. 2. Set the air recirculation switch to off and the fan control at 4 (high) to circulate the air.

3. Be sure the rear seat armrest and

tray are closed.

c If electrical wiring or other cable connections must pass to a trailer through the seal on the trunk lid or the body, follow the manufacturer’s recommendation to prevent carbon monoxide entry into the vehicle.

c The exhaust system and body should be inspected by a qualified mechanic whenever: a. The vehicle is raised for service.

4-2

b. You suspect that exhaust fumes are entering into the passenger compartment.

c. You notice a change in the sound

of the exhaust system.

d. You have had an accident involv- ing damage to the exhaust system, underbody, or rear of the vehicle.

THREE WAY CATALYST The three way catalyst is an emission con- trol device installed in the exhaust system. Exhaust gases in the three way catalyst are burned at high temperatures to help reduce pollutants.

WARNING

c The exhaust gas and the exhaust system are very hot. Keep people or flammable materials away from the exhaust pipe.

c Do not stop or park the vehicle over flammable materials such as dry grass, waste paper or rags. They may ignite and cause a fire.

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CAUTION

Avoiding Collision and Rollover

c Do not use leaded gasoline. Deposits from leaded gasoline seriously re- duce the three way catalyst’s ability to help reduce exhaust pollutants.

c Keep your engine tuned up. Malfunc- tions in the ignition, fuel injection, or electrical systems can cause over- rich fuel flow into the catalyst, caus- ing it to overheat. Do not keep driv- ing if if noticeable loss of performance or other unusual operating conditions are detected. Have the vehicle in- spected promptly by an authorized NISSAN dealer.

the engine misfires, or

c Avoid driving with an extremely low fuel level. Running out of fuel could cause the engine to misfire, damag- ing the three way catalyst.

c Do not race the engine while warm-

ing it up.

c Do not push or tow your vehicle to

start the engine.

WARNING

Failure to operate this vehicle in a safe and prudent manner may result in loss of control or an accident.

Be alert and drive defensively at all times. Obey all traffic regulations. Avoid excessive speed, high speed cornering, or sudden steering maneuvers, because these driving practices could cause you to lose control of your vehicle. As with any vehicle, a loss of control could result in a collision with other vehicles or objects, or cause the vehicle to roll over, particularly if the loss of control causes the vehicle to slide sideways. Be attentive at all times, and avoid driving when tired. Never drive when under the influence of alcohol or drugs (in- cluding prescription or over-the-counter drugs which may cause drowsiness). Al- ways wear your seat belt as outlined in the ‘‘Seat Belts’’ section of this manual, and also instruct your passengers to do so.

DRINKING ALCOHOL/DRUGS AND DRIVING

WARNING

Never drive under the influence of alco- hol or drugs. Alcohol in the bloodstream reduces coordination, delays reaction time and impairs judgement. Driving after drinking alcohol increases the likelihood of being involved in an accident injuring yourself and others. Additionally, if you are injured in an accident alcohol can increase the severity of the injury.

Nissan is committed to safe driving. How- ever, you must choose not to drive under the influence of alcohol. Every year thou- sands of people are injured or killed in alcohol related accidents. Although the local laws vary on what is considered to be legally intoxicated, the fact is that alcohol affects all people differently and most people underestimate the effects of alcohol. Remember, drinking and driving don’t mix! And that’s true for drugs, too (over the counter, prescription, and illegal drugs). Don’t drive if your ability to operate your vehicle is impaired by alcohol, drugs, or some other physical condition.

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IGNITION SWITCH

ASD0022

MANUAL TRANSMISSION The ignition switch includes an anti-theft steering lock device. The key can only be removed when the ignition switch is in the LOCK position. On manual transmission models, to turn the ignition key to LOCK from ACC or ON, turn the key to OFF and press in the key release button, then turn the key to LOCK. In order for the steering wheel to be locked, it must be turned about 1/8 of a turn coun- terclockwise from the straight up position.

To lock the steering wheel, remove the key. To unlock the steering wheel, insert the key and turn it gently while rotating the steering wheel slightly right and left.

WARNING

Never remove the key while driving. If the key is removed, the steering wheel will lock. This may cause the driver to lose control of the vehicle and could result in serious vehicle damage or personal injury.

ASD0023

AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION On automatic transmission models the igni- tion lock is designed so the key cannot be turned to LOCK and removed until the shift lever is moved to the P (Park) position. When removing the key from the ignition, make sure the shift lever is in the P (Park) position. When the key cannot be turned to the LOCK position, proceed as follows to remove the key: 1) Move the shift lever into the P (Park)

position.

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2) Turn the ignition key slightly in the ON

direction.

3) Turn the key toward the LOCK position. 4) Remove the key. If the key is removed from the ignition switch, the shift lever cannot be moved from P (Park). The shift lever can be moved if the ignition switch is in the ACC posi- tion. The shift lever can also be moved if the ignition switch is in the ON position and the foot brake pedal is depressed. There is an OFF position in between LOCK and ACC, although it does not show on the key cylinder. When the ignition is in OFF the steering wheel is not locked. In order for the steering wheel to be locked, it must be turned about 1/8 of a turn counter- clockwise from the straight up position, and the key must be removed from the ignition. To lock the steering wheel, remove the key. To unlock the steering wheel, insert the key and turn it gently while rotating the steering wheel slightly right and left.

WARNING

Never remove the key while driving. If the key is removed, the steering wheel will lock. This may cause the driver to lose control of the vehicle and could result in serious vehicle damage or personal injury.

Key positions LOCK Normal parking position (0) OFF (1) The engine can be turned off without locking the steering wheel. ACC (Accessories) (2) This position activates electrical accesso- ries such as the radio when the engine is not running. ON Normal operating position (3) This position turns on the ignition system and the electrical accessories. START (4) This position activates the starter motor, which starts the engine.

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BEFORE STARTING THE ENGINE

c Make sure the area around the vehicle is

clear.

c Maintenance items listed here should be checked periodically, for example, each time you check engine oil.

c Check that all windows and lights are

clean.

c Visually inspect tires for their appearance and condition. Also check tires for proper inflation.

c Lock all doors. c Position seat and adjust head restraints. c Adjust inside and outside mirrors. c Fasten seat belts and ask all passengers

to do likewise.

c Check the operation of warning lights when key is turned to the ON (3) position.

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DRIVING WITH AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION (if so equipped) The automatic transmission in your vehicle is electronically controlled by the A/T control unit to produce maximum power and smooth operation. The recommended operating procedures for this transmission are shown on the following pages. Follow these procedures for maximum vehicle performance and driving enjoyment. Starting the vehicle c After starting the engine, fully depress the foot brake pedal before shifting the shift lever to the D, R, 2 or 1 position. Be sure the vehicle is fully stopped before attempting to shift the shift lever.

c Keep the foot brake pedal depressed and

shift into a driving gear. c Release the foot brake, start the vehicle in motion.

then gradually

The automatic transmission is designed so the foot brake pedal MUST be de- pressed before shifting from P to any drive position while the ignition switch is ON. The shift lever cannot be moved out of P and into any of the other gear positions if the ignition key is turned to LOCK or if the key is removed.

When the battery charge is low, the shift lever can be moved if the ignition switch is in the ACC position.

WARNING

c Do not depress the accelerator pedal while shifting from P or N to R, D, 2
or 1. Always depress the brake pedal until shifting is completed. Failure to do so could cause you to lose con- trol and have an accident.

c Cold engine idle speed is high, so use caution when shifting into a for- ward or reverse gear before the en- gine has warmed up.

c Never shift to P or R while the ve- hicle is moving. This could cause an accident.

c On slippery roads, do not downshift.

This may cause a loss of control.

CAUTION

When stopping the vehicle on an uphill grade, do not hold the vehicle by de- pressing the accelerator pedal. The foot brake should be used for this purpose.

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Shifting with automatic transmission Push the button to shift into P, R or from D to 2. All other positions can be selected without pushing the button. P (Park): Use this position when the vehicle is parked or when starting the engine. Always be sure the vehicle is at a complete stop. For maxi- mum safety, depress the brake pedal, then push in the selector lever button and move the shift lever to the P position. Apply the parking brake. When parking on a hill, apply the parking brake first, then move the shift lever into the P position.

ASD0510

Shifting from P (Park) If the ignition switch is in the ON position and the foot brake pedal is depressed, but the shift lever still cannot be moved out of P (Park), follow these instructions: 1. Shut the engine off and remove the key. 2. Apply the parking brake. 3. Reinsert the key and turn it clockwise to

the ACC position.

4. Depress the brake pedal, move the gear- shift lever to N (Neutral) and start the engine.

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These instructions for starting the vehicle in N (Neutral) should only be used until service can be obtained. R (Reverse): Use this position to back up. Always be sure the vehicle is completely stopped. With the brake pedal depressed, push in the selector lever button and move the shift lever to the R position. N (Neutral): Neither forward nor reverse gear is en- gaged. The engine can be started in this position. You may shift to N and restart a stalled engine while the vehicle is moving. D (Drive): Use this position for all normal driving. 2 (Second gear): Use for hill climbing or engine braking on downhill grades. Do not shift into the 2 position at speeds over 74 MPH (119 Km/h). Do not exceed 74
MPH (119 Km/h) in the 2 position.

forward

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1 (Low gear): Use this position when climbing steep hills slowly or driving slowly through deep snow, sand or mud, or for maximum engine brak- ing on steep downhill grades. Do not shift into the 1 position at speeds over 41 MPH (66 km/h). Do not exceed 41
MPH (66 km/h) in the 1 position. Accelerator downshift — In D position — For rapid passing or hill climbing, fully de- press the accelerator pedal to the floor. This shifts the transmission down into second gear or first gear, depending on the vehicle speed.

ASD0511

OVERDRIVE SWITCH ON:

For normal driving, push the over- drive switch ON with the selector lever in the D position. The transmis- sion is upshifted into OVERDRIVE as the vehicle speed increases.

The overdrive does not engage until the engine has warmed up.

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OFF: For driving up and down long slopes where engine braking would be ad- vantageous, push the switch OFF. When cruising at a low speed or climbing a gentle slope, you may feel uncomfortable shift shocks as the transmission shifts between 3rd and overdrive repeatedly. In this case, set the overdrive switch in the OFF position. The O/D OFF indicator light on the instrument panel comes on at this time.

When driving conditions change, reset the overdrive switch to the ON position. Remember not to drive at high speeds for extended periods of time with the overdrive switch set in the OFF position. This reduces fuel economy.

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DRIVING WITH MANUAL TRANSMISSION

SD1022

Shifting with manual transmission To change gears, fully depress the clutch pedal, and then move the gearshift lever. After shifting, release the clutch pedal slowly. You cannot shift directly from 5th gear into Reverse (R). First shift into Neutral (N), then into Reverse (R). If it is difficult to move the shift lever into R or 1st, shift into N, then release and depress the clutch pedal again and shift into R or 1st.

WARNING

c Do not downshift abruptly on slip- pery roads. This may cause a loss of control.

c Do not over-rev the engine when shifting to a lower gear. This may cause a loss of control or engine damage.

CAUTION

c Do not rest your foot on the clutch pedal while driving. This may cause clutch damage.

c Stop your vehicle completely before

shifting into R.

c When the vehicle is stopped for a duration, for example at a stop light, shift to N and release the clutch pedal with the foot brake applied.

Suggested shift-up speeds Shown below are suggested vehicle speeds for shifting into a higher gear. These sug- gestions relate to fuel economy and vehicle performance. Actual shift-up speeds will

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vary according to road conditions, weather and individual driving habits. For normal acceleration in low altitude ar- eas (less than 4,000 ft [1,219 m]):

the

Gear change

1st to 2nd 2nd to 3rd 3rd to 4th 4th to 5th

ACCEL shift point MPH (km/h) 15 (24) 25 (40) 36 (58) 40 (64)

CRUISE shift point MPH (km/h) 15 (24) 18 (29) 30 (48) 39 (63)

For quick acceleration in low altitude areas and high altitude areas (over 4,000 ft [1,219
m]): Gear change 1st to 2nd 2nd to 3rd 3rd to 4th 4th to 5th

MPH (km/h) 15 (24) 25 (40) 40 (64) 45 (72)

Suggested maximum speed in each gear Downshift to a lower gear if the engine is not running smoothly, or if you need to accelerate.

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Do not exceed the maximum suggested speed (shown below) in any gear. For level road driving, use the highest gear sug- gested for that speed. Always observe posted speed limits, and drive according to the road conditions, which will ensure safe operation. Do not over-rev the engine when shifting to a lower gear as it may cause engine damage or loss of vehicle control.

Gear 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th

MPH (km/h) 30 (50) 60 (95) 90 (145) − −

been stopped, keep the accelerator pedal fully depressed while starting.

CAUTION

Do not operate the starter for more than 15 seconds at a time. If the engine does not start, turn the key off and wait 10
seconds before cranking again, other- wise the starter could be damaged.

4. Warm-up

Allow the engine to idle for at least 30
seconds after starting. Drive at moderate speed for a short distance first, especially in cold weather.

STARTING THE ENGINE

1. Apply the parking brake. 2. Automatic transmission:

Move the shift lever to P (Park) or N (Neutral). (P preferred.) The shift lever cannot be moved out of P and into any of the other gear posi- tions if the ignition key is turned to OFF or if the key is removed. The starter is designed not to operate if the shift lever is in any of the driving positions. Manual transmission: Move the gearshift lever to N (Neutral), and depress the clutch pedal to the floor while cranking the engine. The starter is designed not to operate unless the clutch pedal is depressed. 3. Crank the engine with your foot off the accelerator pedal by turning the ignition key to START. Release the key when the engine starts. If the engine starts, but fails to run, repeat the above procedure. — If the engine is very hard to start in extremely cold or hot weather, de- press and hold the accelerator pedal to help start the engine. — In the summer, when restarting the engine within 30 minutes after it has

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4. Before driving, be sure the brake warning

light goes out.

WARNING

c Be sure the parking brake is fully released before driving. Failure to do so can cause brake failure and lead to an accident.

c Do not release the parking brake

from outside the vehicle.

c Do not use the gear shift in place of the parking brake. When parking, be sure the parking brake is fully engaged.

c Do not leave children unattended in a vehicle. They could release the park- ing brake and cause an accident.

PARKING BRAKE OPERATION

ASD0502

To engage: pull the lever up. To release: 1. Firmly apply foot brake. 2. Manual transmission models:

in the N (neutral)

Place the gearshift position. Automatic transmission models: Move the gearshift lever to the P (park) position.

3. While pulling up on the parking brake lever slightly, push the button and lower completely.

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CRUISE CONTROL

c) Turn the main switch off. Both the ON

indicator and CRUISE lights go out.

The cruise control celled and the CRUISE light goes out if: c You depress the brake pedal while push-

is automatically can-

ing the ACCEL set switch.

The cruise control allows driving at a speed between 30 to 90 MPH (48 to 144 km/h) without keeping your foot on the accelerator pedal. To turn on the cruise control, push the main switch. The indicator light on the switch comes on. To set cruising speed, accelerate your vehicle to the desired speed, push the COAST/SET switch and release it. The CRUISE indicator light comes on. Take your foot off the accelerator pedal. Your vehicle maintains the set speed.

ASD0512

c To pass another vehicle, depress the accelerator pedal. When you release the pedal, the vehicle returns to the previ- ously set speed.

c The vehicle may not maintain the set speed when going up or down steep hills. If this happens, drive without the cruise control. To cancel the preset speed, use one of the following three methods: a) Push the CANCEL button; the CRUISE

light goes out.

b) Tap the brake pedal; the CRUISE light

goes out.

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c The vehicle slows down more than 8

MPH (13 km/h) below the set speed.

c You depress the clutch pedal (manual transmission), or move the shift lever to N (automatic transmission).

To reset at a faster cruising speed, use one of the following three methods: a) Depress the accelerator pedal. When the vehicle attains the desired speed, push and release the COAST/SET switch.

b) Push and hold the ACCEL set switch. When the vehicle attains the speed you desire, release the switch.

c) Push and quickly release the ACCEL set switch. Each time you do this, the set speed increases by about 1 MPH (1.6
km/h).

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To reset at a slower cruising speed, use one of the following three methods: a) Lightly tap the brake pedal. When the vehicle attains the desired speed, push the COAST/SET switch and release it.

b) Push and hold the COAST/SET switch. Release the switch when the vehicle slows to the desired speed.

c) Push

and

quickly

the COAST/SET switch. Each time you do this, the set speed decreases by about 1
MPH (1.6 km/h).

release

To resume the preset speed, push and re- lease the RESUME switch. The vehicle returns to the last set cruising speed when the vehicle speed is over 30 MPH (48 km/h). Precautions c If the cruise control system malfunctions, it cancels automatically. The cruise indi- cator light in the instrument panel then blinks to warn the driver.

c If the cruise indicator light blinks, turn the cruise control main switch off and have the system checked by your NISSAN dealer.

CAUTION

On manual transmission models, do not shift into neutral without depress- ing the clutch pedal when the cruise control is on. Should this occur, de- press the clutch pedal and turn the main switch off immediately. Failure to do so may cause engine damage.

c The cruise indicator light may blink when the cruise control main switch is turned ON while pushing the RES/ACCEL, COAST/SET, or CANCEL switch (lo- cated on the steering wheel). To properly set the cruise control system, perform the preceding steps in the order indicated.

WARNING

Do not use the cruise control when driving under the following conditions: c it is not possible to keep the vehicle

at a set speed.

c in heavy traffic or in traffic that var-

ies in speed.

c on winding or hilly roads. c on slippery roads (rain, snow, ice,

etc.).

c in very windy areas. Doing so could cause a loss of vehicle control and result in an accident.

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BREAK-IN SCHEDULE

INCREASING FUEL ECONOMY

During the first 1,000 miles (1,600 km), follow these recommendations for the future reliability and economy of your new vehicle. Failure to follow these recommendations may result in vehicle damage or shortened engine life. c Do not drive over 55 MPH (90 km/h) and do not run the engine over 4,000 rpm. Avoid driving for long periods at constant speed, either fast or slow.

c Do not accelerate at full throttle in any

gear.

c Avoid quick starts. c Avoid hard braking as much as possible. c Do not tow a trailer for the first 500 miles

(800 km).

SD1001M

c Accelerate slowly and smoothly. Main- tain cruising speeds with a constant ac- celerator position.

c Drive at moderate speeds on the high- way. Driving at high speed lowers fuel economy.

c Avoid unnecessary stopping and brak- ing. Maintain a safe distance behind other vehicles.

c Use a proper gear range which suits road conditions. On level roads, shift into high gear as soon as possible.

c Avoid unnecessary engine idling.

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c Keep your engine tuned up. c Follow the recommended periodic main-

tenance schedule.

c Keep the tires inflated at

the correct pressure. Low pressure increases tire wear and wastes fuel.

c Keep the front wheels in correct align- ment. Improper alignment increases tire wear and lowers fuel economy.

c Air conditioner operation lowers fuel economy. Use the air conditioner only when necessary.

c When cruising at highway speeds, it is more economical to use the air condi- tioner and leave the windows closed to reduce drag.

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PARKING/PARKING ON HILLS

WARNING

Do not park the vehicle over flammable materials such as dry grass, waste pa- per or rags. They may ignite and cause a fire.

1. Firmly apply the parking brake. 2. Manual transmission models:

Place the gearshift lever in the R (Re- verse) position. When parking on an up- hill grade, place the gearshift lever in 1
(First) gear.

SD1006M

Automatic transmission models: Move the gearshift lever to the P (Park) position.

WARNING

Safe parking procedures require that both the parking brake be set and the transmission placed into P position (automatic) or in the appropriate gear (manual). Failure to do so could cause the vehicle to move unexpectedly or roll away and result in an accident. Make sure the shift lever has been

4-15

pushed as far forward as it can go and cannot be moved without depressing the button at the end of the lever.

3. To help prevent the vehicle from rolling into traffic when parked on an incline, it is a good practice to turn the wheels as illustrated.

c HEADED DOWNHILL WITH CURB: s1
Turn the wheels into the curb and move the vehicle forward until the curb side wheel gently touches the curb.

c HEADED UPHILL WITH CURB: s2

Turn the wheels away from the curb and move the vehicle back until the curb side wheel gently touches the curb.

c HEADED UPHILL OR DOWNHILL, NO

CURB: s3
Turn the wheels toward the side of the road so the vehicle will move away from the center of the road if it moves.

4. Turn the ignition key to the LOCK posi-

tion and remove the key.

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POWER STEERING SYSTEM

BRAKE SYSTEM

WARNING

c Never leave the engine running while

the vehicle is unattended.

c Never leave children unattended in

the vehicle.

The power assisted steering is designed to use a hydraulic pump, driven by the engine, to assist steering. If the engine stops or drive belt breaks, you will still have control of the vehicle. How- ever, much greater steering effort is needed, especially in sharp turns or at low speeds.

The brake system has two separate hydraulic circuits. If one circuit develops a problem, you will still have braking at two wheels. Vacuum assisted brake The brake booster aids braking by using engine vacuum. If the engine stops, you can stop the vehicle by depressing the brake pedal. However, greater foot pressure on the brake pedal will be required to stop the vehicle and the stopping distance will be longer. Wet brakes When the vehicle is washed or driven through water, the brakes may get wet. As a result, your braking distance will be longer and the vehicle may pull to one side during braking. To dry brakes, drive the vehicle at a safe speed while lightly pressing the brake pedal to heat-up the brakes. Do this until the brakes return to normal. Avoid driving the vehicle at high speeds until the brakes function correctly. Using the brakes Avoid resting your foot on the brake pedal

4-16

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while driving. This overheats the brakes, increases wear on the brake linings and pads, and reduces gas mileage. To help save the brakes and to prevent the brakes from overheating, reduce speed and downshift to a lower gear before going down a slope or long grade. Overheated brakes may reduce braking performance and could result in loss of vehicle control.

WARNING

While driving on a slippery surface, be careful when braking, accelerating or downshifting. Abrupt braking or accel- erating could cause the wheels to skid and result in an accident.

ANTI-LOCK BRAKE SYSTEM (ABS) (If so equipped)

The anti-lock brake system installed in some models controls the brakes at each wheel so the wheels do not lock when braking abruptly or when braking on slip- pery surfaces. The system detects the rota- tion speed at each wheel and varies the brake fluid pressure to prevent each wheel from locking and sliding. By preventing wheel lockup, the system helps the driver maintain steering control and helps to mini- mize swerving and spinning on slippery surfaces. Using the System Depress the brake pedal and hold it down.

WARNING

Do not pump the brake pedal. Doing so may result in increased stopping dis- tances.

Normal operation The anti-lock brake system does not oper- ate at speeds below 3 to 6 MPH (5 to 10
km/h) to completely stop the vehicle. (The speeds vary according to road conditions.) When the anti-lock system senses that one or more wheels are close to locking up, the

4-17

actuator (under the hood) rapidly applies and releases hydraulic pressure (like pump- ing the brakes very quickly). While the ac- tuator is working, you may feel a pulsation in the brake pedal and hear a noise or vibra- tion from the actuator under the hood. This is normal and indicates that the anti-lock system is working properly. However, the pulsation may indicate that road conditions are hazardous and extra care is required while driving. Self-test feature The anti-lock brake system is sophisticated, with electronic sensors, electric pumps, and hydraulic solenoids controlled by a com- puter. The computer has a built-in diagnos- tic feature that tests the system each time you start the engine and move the vehicle at a low speed in forward or reverse. When the self-test occurs, you may hear a ‘‘clunk’’ noise and/or feel a pulsation in the brake pedal. This is normal and is not an indica- tion of any malfunction. the computer senses any malfunction, it switches the anti- lock brake system OFF and turns on the ABS brake warning light in the dashboard. The brake system then operates normally, but without anti-lock assistance.

If

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c When installing a spare tire, make sure it is the proper size and type as specified on the tire placard. For tire placard location information, refer to “Tire placard” in the Owner’s Manual index.

Refer to ‘‘Wheels and Tires’’ in the ‘‘Do-it-yourself operations’’ section of this manual.

If the light comes on during the self-test or while you are driving, you should take your car to your NISSAN dealer for repair at your earliest convenience.

WARNING

The anti-lock brake system is a sophis- ticated device, but it cannot prevent accidents resulting from careless or dangerous driving techniques. It can help maintain vehicle control during braking on slippery surfaces, but re- member that the stopping distance on slippery surfaces will be longer than on normal surfaces, even with the anti- lock system. Stopping distances may